An approach to abductive inference developed in the TACITUS project has resulted in a dramatic simplification of how the problem of interpreting texts is conceptualized. Its use in solving the local pragmatics problems of reference, compound nominals, syntactic ambiguity, and metonymy is described and illustrated. It also suggests an elegant and thorough integration of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. 1

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In the paper \Interpretation as Abduction " (hereafter IA) Hobbs et al. (1992) present and elaborate the view that to interpret an utterance is to nd the best explanation of why it would be true. We may call this the \Informational Perspective " on discourse interpretation. The only thing to be explained is the information explicitly conveyed by

Marshall University

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The physician-patient interaction as perceived by individuals

Ultrasound scanning is provided by a range of health professionals who need to be trained to a proficient level. In respect of education and training in ultrasound scanning, little attention has been given to how scanning skills are acquired and what assists and hinders the learning process. This study aims to develop a framework for guiding learning in ultrasound scanning. Overt participant observation and semi-structured interviews generated data on four learners undertaking a 12-month postgraduate ultrasound programme. Narrative analysis of the interview data was used to reveal dominant themes related to stages in learning to scan. Dominant themes associated with learning to scanwere communication with the patient, navigation skills, image interpretation skills, observation of expert practice, feedback on performance and random practise. Detailed interpretation of the themes through narrative analysis provided characteristics of learning for each stage of a four staged process. This study provides an insight into the key features of scan performance and how scanning skills are acquired over a four-staged approach. These themes and characteristics are presented in a frame-work for guiding learning in ultrasound scanning.

After a short introductory chapter to this literature review on composing processes, the second chapter examines research that covers the timing and content of planning, planning subprocesses, employing planning strategies, and instruction ih planning. Studies in the third chapter are divided into two sections, oral and written discourse production and instruction in pioducing texts. The sections in the fourth,chapter deal with research concerning classification systems for revision changes, revising strategies, why writers revise, and instruction on revision. The final chapter deals with studies that outline the kinds of knowledge a writet possesses about language, the convention's of writing, and a particular writing situation. This chapter argues that examining a writer's knowledge is essential to understanding changes in composing and suggests directions for future research. The studies cited in the document are then listed. (JL) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *************************************************************t*********

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