Face recognition using laplacianfaces (2005)

by X He, S Yan, Y Hu, P Niyogi, H J Zhang
Venue:IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
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Robust face recognition via sparse representation

by John Wright, Allen Y. Yang, Arvind Ganesh, S. Shankar Sastry, Yi Ma - IEEE TRANS. PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE , 2008
"... We consider the problem of automatically recognizing human faces from frontal views with varying expression and illumination, as well as occlusion and disguise. We cast the recognition problem as one of classifying among multiple linear regression models, and argue that new theory from sparse signa ..."
Abstract - Cited by 936 (40 self) - Add to MetaCart
We consider the problem of automatically recognizing human faces from frontal views with varying expression and illumination, as well as occlusion and disguise. We cast the recognition problem as one of classifying among multiple linear regression models, and argue that new theory from sparse signal representation offers the key to addressing this problem. Based on a sparse representation computed by ℓ 1-minimization, we propose a general classification algorithm for (image-based) object recognition. This new framework provides new insights into two crucial issues in face recognition: feature extraction and robustness to occlusion. For feature extraction, we show that if sparsity in the recognition problem is properly harnessed, the choice of features is no longer critical. What is critical, however, is whether the number of features is sufficiently large and whether the sparse representation is correctly computed. Unconventional features such as downsampled images and random projections perform just as well as conventional features such as Eigenfaces and Laplacianfaces, as long as the dimension of the feature space surpasses certain threshold, predicted by the theory of sparse representation. This framework can handle errors due to occlusion and corruption uniformly, by exploiting the fact that these errors are often sparse w.r.t. to the standard (pixel) basis. The theory of sparse representation helps predict how much occlusion the recognition algorithm can handle and how to choose the training images to maximize robustness to occlusion. We conduct extensive experiments on publicly available databases to verify the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, and corroborate the above claims.

Locality Preserving Projection,"

by Xiaofei He , Partha Niyogi - Neural Information Processing System, , 2004
"... Abstract Many problems in information processing involve some form of dimensionality reduction. In this paper, we introduce Locality Preserving Projections (LPP). These are linear projective maps that arise by solving a variational problem that optimally preserves the neighborhood structure of the ..."
Abstract - Cited by 414 (16 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract Many problems in information processing involve some form of dimensionality reduction. In this paper, we introduce Locality Preserving Projections (LPP). These are linear projective maps that arise by solving a variational problem that optimally preserves the neighborhood structure of the data set. LPP should be seen as an alternative to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -a classical linear technique that projects the data along the directions of maximal variance. When the high dimensional data lies on a low dimensional manifold embedded in the ambient space, the Locality Preserving Projections are obtained by finding the optimal linear approximations to the eigenfunctions of the Laplace Beltrami operator on the manifold. As a result, LPP shares many of the data representation properties of nonlinear techniques such as Laplacian Eigenmaps or Locally Linear Embedding. Yet LPP is linear and more crucially is defined everywhere in ambient space rather than just on the training data points. This is borne out by illustrative examples on some high dimensional data sets.

Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions

by Xiaoyang Tan, Bill Triggs - In Proc. AMFG’07 , 2007
"... Abstract. Recognition in uncontrolled situations is one of the most important bottlenecks for practical face recognition systems. We address this by combining the strengths of robust illumination normalization, local texture based face representations and distance transform based matching metrics. S ..."
Abstract - Cited by 274 (10 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract. Recognition in uncontrolled situations is one of the most important bottlenecks for practical face recognition systems. We address this by combining the strengths of robust illumination normalization, local texture based face representations and distance transform based matching metrics. Specifically, we make three main contributions: (i) we present a simple and efficient preprocessing chain that eliminates most of the effects of changing illumination while still preserving the essential appearance details that are needed for recognition; (ii) we introduce Local Ternary Patterns (LTP), a generalization of the Local Binary Pattern (LBP) local texture descriptor that is more discriminant and less sensitive to noise in uniform regions; and (iii) we show that replacing local histogramming with a local distance transform based similarity metric further improves the performance of LBP/LTP based face recognition. The resulting method gives state-of-the-art performance on three popular datasets chosen to test recognition under difficult

Graph embedding and extension: A general framework for dimensionality reduction

by Shuicheng Yan, Dong Xu, Benyu Zhang, Hong-jiang Zhang, Qiang Yang, Stephen Lin - IEEE TRANS. PATTERN ANAL. MACH. INTELL , 2007
"... Over the past few decades, a large family of algorithms—supervised or unsupervised; stemming from statistics or geometry theory—has been designed to provide different solutions to the problem of dimensionality reduction. Despite the different motivations of these algorithms, we present in this paper ..."
Abstract - Cited by 271 (29 self) - Add to MetaCart
Over the past few decades, a large family of algorithms—supervised or unsupervised; stemming from statistics or geometry theory—has been designed to provide different solutions to the problem of dimensionality reduction. Despite the different motivations of these algorithms, we present in this paper a general formulation known as graph embedding to unify them within a common framework. In graph embedding, each algorithm can be considered as the direct graph embedding or its linear/kernel/tensor extension of a specific intrinsic graph that describes certain desired statistical or geometric properties of a data set, with constraints from scale normalization or a penalty graph that characterizes a statistical or geometric property that should be avoided. Furthermore, the graph embedding framework can be used as a general platform for developing new dimensionality reduction algorithms. By utilizing this framework as a tool, we propose a new supervised dimensionality reduction algorithm called Marginal Fisher Analysis in which the intrinsic graph characterizes the intraclass compactness and connects each data point with its neighboring points of the same class, while the penalty graph connects the marginal points and characterizes the interclass separability. We show that MFA effectively overcomes the limitations of the traditional Linear Discriminant Analysis algorithm due to data distribution assumptions and available projection directions. Real face recognition experiments show the superiority of our proposed MFA in comparison to LDA, also for corresponding kernel and tensor extensions.
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Learning Local Image Descriptors

by Matthew Brown, Gang Hua, Simon Winder - Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition , 2007
"... Abstract—In this paper, we explore methods for learning local image descriptors from training data. We describe a set of building blocks for constructing descriptors which can be combined together and jointly optimized so as to minimize the error of a nearest-neighbor classifier. We consider both li ..."
Abstract - Cited by 174 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract—In this paper, we explore methods for learning local image descriptors from training data. We describe a set of building blocks for constructing descriptors which can be combined together and jointly optimized so as to minimize the error of a nearest-neighbor classifier. We consider both linear and nonlinear transforms with dimensionality reduction, and make use of discriminant learning techniques such as Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Powell minimization to solve for the parameters. Using these techniques, we obtain descriptors that exceed state-of-the-art performance with low dimensionality. In addition to new experiments and recommendations for descriptor learning, we are also making available a new and realistic ground truth data set based on multiview stereo data. Index Terms—Image descriptors, local features, discriminative learning, SIFT. Ç 1
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Face recognition from a single image per person: A survey

by Xiaoyang Tan, Songcan Chen, Zhi-hua Zhou , Fuyan Zhang - PATTERN RECOGNITION , 2006
"... One of the main challenges faced by the current face recognition techniques lies in the difficulties of collecting samples. Fewer samples per person mean less laborious effort for collecting them, lower costs for storing and processing them. Unfortunately, many reported face recognition techniques ..."
Abstract - Cited by 108 (6 self) - Add to MetaCart
One of the main challenges faced by the current face recognition techniques lies in the difficulties of collecting samples. Fewer samples per person mean less laborious effort for collecting them, lower costs for storing and processing them. Unfortunately, many reported face recognition techniques rely heavily on the size and representative of training set, and most of them will suffer serious performance drop or even fail to work if only one training sample per person is available to the systems. This situation is called “one sample per person ” problem: given a stored database of faces, the goal is to identify a person from the database later in time in any different and unpredictable poses, lighting, etc from just one image. Such a task is very challenging for most current algorithms due to the extremely limited representative of training sample. Numerous techniques have been developed to attack this problem, and the purpose of this paper is to categorize and evaluate these algorithms. The prominent algorithms are described and critically analyzed. Relevant issues such as data collection, the influence of the small sample size, and system evaluation are discussed, and several promising directions for future research are also proposed in this paper.
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Semi-supervised discriminant analysis

by Deng Cai, Xiaofei He, Jiawei Han - in Proc. of the IEEE Int’l Conf. on Comp. Vision (ICCV), Rio De Janeiro , 2007
"... Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) has been a popular method for extracting features which preserve class separability. The projection vectors are commonly obtained by maximizing the between class covariance and simultaneously minimizing the within class covariance. In practice, when there is no suf ..."
Abstract - Cited by 102 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) has been a popular method for extracting features which preserve class separability. The projection vectors are commonly obtained by maximizing the between class covariance and simultaneously minimizing the within class covariance. In practice, when there is no sufficient training samples, the covariance matrix of each class may not be accurately estimated. In this paper, we propose a novel method, called Semisupervised Discriminant Analysis (SDA), which makes use of both labeled and unlabeled samples. The labeled data points are used to maximize the separability between different classes and the unlabeled data points are used to estimate the intrinsic geometric structure of the data. Specifically, we aim to learn a discriminant function which is as smooth as possible on the data manifold. Experimental results on single training image face recognition and relevance feedback image retrieval demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm. 1.
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Orthogonal laplacianfaces for face recognition

by Deng Cai, Xiaofei He, Jiawei Han, Senior Member, Hong-jiang Zhang - IEEE Trans. Image Process , 2006
"... [30] V. Patrascu and V. Buzuloiu, “Image dynamic range enhancement in ..."
Abstract - Cited by 78 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
[30] V. Patrascu and V. Buzuloiu, “Image dynamic range enhancement in
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Discriminant Embedding for Local Image Descriptors

by Gang Hua, et al.
"... Invariant feature descriptors such as SIFT and GLOH have been demonstrated to be very robust for image matching and visual recognition. However, such descriptors are generally parameterised in very high dimensional spaces e.g. 128 dimensions in the case of SIFT. This limits the performance of featur ..."
Abstract - Cited by 67 (5 self) - Add to MetaCart
Invariant feature descriptors such as SIFT and GLOH have been demonstrated to be very robust for image matching and visual recognition. However, such descriptors are generally parameterised in very high dimensional spaces e.g. 128 dimensions in the case of SIFT. This limits the performance of feature matching techniques in terms of speed and scalability. Furthermore, these descriptors have traditionally been carefully hand crafted by manually tuning many parameters. In this paper, we tackle both of these problems by formulating descriptor design as a nonparametric dimensionality reduction problem. In contrast to previous approaches that use only the global statistics of the inputs, we adopt a discriminative approach. Starting from a large training set of labelled match/non-match pairs, we pursue lower dimensional embeddings that are optimised for their discriminative power. Extensive comparative experiments demonstrate that we can exceed the performance of the current state of the art techniques such as SIFT with far fewer dimensions, and with virtually no parameters to be tuned by hand.
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Spectral Regression for Efficient Regularized Subspace

by Deng Cai, Xiaofei He, Jiawei Han - Learning,” Proc. 11th Int’l Conf. Computer Vision (ICCV ’07 , 2007
"... Subspace learning based face recognition methods have attracted considerable interests in recent years, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Locality Preserving Projection (LPP), Neighborhood Preserving Embedding (NPE) and Marginal Fisher Analysis (MFA). ..."
Abstract - Cited by 62 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
Subspace learning based face recognition methods have attracted considerable interests in recent years, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Locality Preserving Projection (LPP), Neighborhood Preserving Embedding (NPE) and Marginal Fisher Analysis (MFA). However, a disadvantage of all these approaches is that their computations involve eigendecomposition of dense matrices which is expensive in both time and memory. In this paper, we propose a novel dimensionality reduction framework, called Spectral Regression (SR), for efficient regularized subspace learning. SR casts the problem of learning the projective functions into a regression framework, which avoids eigen-decomposition of dense matrices. Also, with the regression based framework, different kinds of regularizers can be naturally incorporated into our algorithm which makes it more flexible. Computational analysis shows that SR has only linear-time complexity which is a huge speed up comparing to the cubic-time complexity of the ordinary approaches. Experimental results on face recognition demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method. 1.
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