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This is a non copy-edited version of a paper accepted for publication in Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Our democracy depends upon the creation of an active engaged citizenry. �e purpose of this dissertation is to provide the foundational research necessary for constructing an intelligent tutoring system to teach policy deliberation. �e dissertation makes five use-inspired basic research contributions to the knowledge and technology of Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Artificial Intelligence in Education. Specifically it: (a) develops a cognitive framework for deliberation, (b) localizes reasoning difficulties within the synthesis stage of the framework, (c) shows that causal diagrams can improve reasoning, (d) demonstrates that we can design intelligent tutoring systems that teach deliberation, and (e) shows that educational games can increase learning and interest by using intelligent tutoring approaches to providing assistance.

While motivation is recognized as central to various aspects of information behavior, motives remain surprisingly underemphasized in information behavior research. Major theories focus almost exclusively on other psychological elements, primarily cognition, while studies of motivation have been limited or absent in a variety of important respects. In this paper, I suggest that a stronger emphasis on motives is warranted. Drawing on recent trends in social psychology research, I argue that a "motivated information behavior " approach can o er a variety of bene ts: it can improve our explanations of information behavior, unify disparate research areas, and illuminate some of the mechanisms underlying important information behavior phenomena.