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...ker. The gaze tracking system was calibrated to record the number and duration of Askers’ gaze fixations in various regions of their computer screen (See Figure 1) with a fixation threshold of 50mse=-=c [15]-=-. In particular, we were interested in the amount of time they spent looking at their puzzle (region D), the awareness display (region B) and the other regions (A, C, E). We also looked at the percent...

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...ile passwords [29] or more invasive techniques such as brain computer interfaces [33]. 3. MOTIVATION FOR EYE TRACKING Eye tracking technology has come a long way since its origins in the early 1900’s =-=[14]-=-. State of the art eye trackers offer nonencumbering, remote video-based eye tracking with an accuracy of 1˚ of visual angle. Eye trackers are a specialized application of computer vision. A camera is...

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...ine approximate point-of-regard by the corneal reflection alone (as shown in Figure 2), by tracking both features eye movements can, critically, be disassociated from head movements (Duchowski, 2003, =-=Jacob & Karn, 2003-=-).sFigure 2. Corneal reflection position changing according to point of regard (cf. Redline & Lankford, 2001). Video-based eye trackers need to be fine-tuned to the particularities of each person’s ey...

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...for a number of reasons. Aside from the labor-intensive challenges of collecting eye movement data and preparing them for analysis, there is the challenge of interpreting the data in a meaningful way =-=[8]-=-. Cognitive modeling, the practice of building computer programs that behave in some way like humans, is useful to HCI in part because it can reveal patterns of human performance at a level of detail ...

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...est on the screen with the fovea, the central point of highest visual acuity [13]. Fixations can be detected when the velocity of eye movements is below a certain threshold for a pre-defined duration =-=[14]-=-. Using eye fixations, we can identify areas on the screen the modeler is focusing attention on [15], e.g., the task description, features of the modeling environment or modeling constructs. In order ...

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... an eye-gaze version of Cued ClickPoints, where users select points on a sequence of images with their eye-gaze instead of mouse-clicks. For each of a password’s 5 gaze-points, users look at their desired point and hold the space bar for a few seconds to record their gaze. The system determines the user’s intended gaze-point as the centre of the tolerance-sized area of highest gaze density. This emphasises points where the user has primarily gazed and eliminates outliers. We chose the space bar to trigger gaze input because users have difficulty performing eye-gestures to indicate exact input [11]. Kumar et al. [13] and De Luca et al. [6] similarly use the space bar. However, they respectively use on-screen character selection and eyegestures as passwords, while we use gaze-points. Eye-trackers typically require a multi-step calibration process for each new session or user. We use an alternative process that is quicker and tailored for the short duration of authentication. Before creating or entering a CGP password, CHI 2010: Input, Security, and Privacy Policies April 10–15, 2010, Atlanta, GA, USA 1107 users perform a 1-point calibration by gazing at a displayed point in the centre of...

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...ould be to follow a more qualitative approach as is generally adopted in human-computer interaction. In that case we might consider using think-aloud protocols [18] or to use eye-tracking experiments =-=[13]-=-. For future research, these are interesting directions to analyze the ”Why?” question in more detail. 3. Data Collection Flickr is an online photo-sharing service that contains hundreds of millions o...

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...mouse movements [12]. Overall, success has been limited in part because eye tracking is technically challenging and labor-intensive, and because eye movement data are noisy and difficult to interpret =-=[6]-=-. However, there have also been some success stories. Furthermore, improvements in the accuracy and ease-of-use of eye trackers make it increasingly feasible to build software applications tailored fo...