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65
Marital conflict and children’s adjustment: A cognitive–contextual framework
- Psychological Bulletin
, 1990
"... Marital problems have been related to numerous indexes of maladjustment i children. Although several parameters of this association have been identified, the process by which exposure to interparental conflict gives rise to adjustment problems in children is largely unexplored. Research on the link ..."
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Cited by 143 (9 self)
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Marital problems have been related to numerous indexes of maladjustment i children. Although several parameters of this association have been identified, the process by which exposure to interparental conflict gives rise to adjustment problems in children is largely unexplored. Research on the link between marital conflict and child maladjustment therefore iscritically evaluated, and a framework ispresented that organizes existing studies and suggests directions for future research on processes that may account for the association. According to the framework, the impact of marital conflict is mediated by children's understanding of the conflict, which is shaped by contex-tual, cognitive, and developmental f ctors. The implications of the framework for children's adjust-ment are discussed. Marital discord has been associated with a number of in-dexes of maladjustment i children, including aggression, con-duct disorders, and anxiety (Emery, 1982, 1988). Research on the effect of divorce on children similarly indicates that the conflict associated with divorce, rather than the breakup of the family, is primarily responsible for many of the problems een
Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health
- Psychological Review
, 1989
"... Confrontations with stressors and challenges evoke central and peripheral physiological arousal. Characterizations of that peripheral arousal traditionally have been negative, but some mo-dem views are more positive. After providing some defi nitions, I discuss the apparent contradictions between li ..."
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Cited by 81 (0 self)
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Confrontations with stressors and challenges evoke central and peripheral physiological arousal. Characterizations of that peripheral arousal traditionally have been negative, but some mo-dem views are more positive. After providing some defi nitions, I discuss the apparent contradictions between literatures whose ba-sis is an assumption of the harmfulness of peripheral physiologi-cal arousal and those whose basis is not. Defi nitions According to Folkman and Lazarus (1985), the term stress implies “a relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as relevant to his or her well-being and in which the person’s resources are taxed or exceeded ” (p. 152). As components of stress, Folkman and Lazarus described threat as “potential for harm or loss, ” challenge as “potential for growth, ” and harm-loss as “injury already done ” (p. 152). How-
The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct
- American Journal of Orthopsychiatry
, 2011
"... and M. Rutter (1987) published their research on protective mechanisms and processes that are most likely to foster resilience, ambiguity continues regarding how to define and operationalize positive development under adversity. This article argues that, because resilience occurs even when risk fact ..."
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Cited by 34 (2 self)
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and M. Rutter (1987) published their research on protective mechanisms and processes that are most likely to foster resilience, ambiguity continues regarding how to define and operationalize positive development under adversity. This article argues that, because resilience occurs even when risk factors are plentiful, greater emphasis needs to be placed on the role social and physical ecologies play in positive developmental outcomes when individuals encounter significant amounts of stress. Four principles are presented as the basis for an ecological interpretation of the resilience construct: decentrality, complexity, atypicality, and cultural relativity. These 4 principles, and the research upon which they are based, inform a definition of resilience that emphasizes the environmental antecedents of positive growth. This framework can guide future theory development, research, and the design of interventions that promote well-being among populations who experience environments that inhibit resilience-promoting processes. I t has been more than two decades since Werner and Smith(1982), Garmezy (1983), and Rutter (1987) identified thedynamic nature of protective processes associated with resil-ience. Their findings shifted the field’s focus from traits of what were thought to be invulnerable children (Anthony, 1987)
The academic achievement of African-American students during early adolescence: An examination of multiple risk, promotive, and protective factors
- American Journal of Community Psychology
, 2002
"... This study examined the effects of multiple risk, promotive, and protective fac-tors on three achievement-related measures (i.e., grade point average, num-ber of absences, and math achievement test scores) for African American 7th-grade students (n D 837). There were 3 main findings. First, adolesce ..."
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Cited by 33 (1 self)
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This study examined the effects of multiple risk, promotive, and protective fac-tors on three achievement-related measures (i.e., grade point average, num-ber of absences, and math achievement test scores) for African American 7th-grade students (n D 837). There were 3 main findings. First, adolescents had lower grade point averages, more absences, and lower achievement test scores as their exposure to risk factors increased. Second, different promotive and protective factors emerged as significant contributors depending on the nature of the achievement-related outcome that was being assessed. Third, protective factors were identified whose effects were magnified in the presence of multiple risks. Results were discussed in light of the developmental tasks facing adolescents and the contexts in which youth exposed to multiple risks and their families live. KEY WORDS: African American; early adolescence; academic achievement; resilience; risk factors; protective factors. Until recently, the period of early adolescence, spanning ages 10–14, was neglected in scientific inquiry, in policy formation, and in public understand-ing (Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 1995). In recent years, however, researchers and practitioners have begun to recognize both the tremendous risks and opportunities inherent in early adolescence. Early 1To whom correspondence should be addressed at Center for Human Growth and Develop-
Family resources as resistance factors for psychological maladjustment in chronically ill and handicapped children
- Journal of Pediatric Psychology
, 1989
"... The hypothesis that their psychological adjustment is related in part to resources present in their families was investigated in 153 children, age 4-16, who had one of five chronic physical disorders: juvenile diabetes, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obesity, spina bifida, or cerebral palsy. ..."
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Cited by 32 (1 self)
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The hypothesis that their psychological adjustment is related in part to resources present in their families was investigated in 153 children, age 4-16, who had one of five chronic physical disorders: juvenile diabetes, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obesity, spina bifida, or cerebral palsy. Their mothers completed standardized psychometric instruments to measure specific dimensions of family psychological and utilitarian resources and of child ad-justment. Variation in children's psychological adjustment was related both to their psychological and utilitarian family resources. Psychological family resources contributed uniquely to the prediction of adjustment beyond that provided by utilitarian family resources. These results are discussed as having implications for the identification of chronically ill and handicapped chil-dren at risk for adjustment difficulties. KEY WORDS: family resources; psychological adjustment; chronic physical illness; physical handicap; resistance factors.
Profiles of social competence among low-income African American preschool children.
- Child Development,
, 2002
"... Abstract: Relations between children's personal attributes and peer play competence were investigated in a sample of 141 African American preschool children who participated in Head Start. Variable-oriented analyses confirmed that dispositions of temperament, emotion regulation, autonomy, and ..."
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Cited by 28 (1 self)
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Abstract: Relations between children's personal attributes and peer play competence were investigated in a sample of 141 African American preschool children who participated in Head Start. Variable-oriented analyses confirmed that dispositions of temperament, emotion regulation, autonomy, and language were related to children's peer play competence in the classroom. Person-oriented analyses revealed distinctive profiles of personal attributes linked to adaptive preschool social functioning. A small group of resilient children whose profile was characterized by highly adaptable temperament, ability to approach new situations, and above average vocabulary development evidenced the greatest social competence with peers. Children who were disruptive with peers were equally divided between two profiles characterized by inattention and activity, but with differential performance on vocabulary tasks. A profile containing calm, reticent children was the group least likely to engage in disruptive peer play. Inspection of the six profiles revealed the within-group variability for this economically disadvantaged sample and illustrated the differential importance of temperament, regulation, and language constructs. Findings from the profile analyses and relations with peer competence inform the study of resilience in social development for urban African American children who participate in early intervention preschool programs.
The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience
- Lifetime of Trauma 16 328. Quoted from NIH Public Access, p. 3 downloaded on January 24, 2010 from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613765
, 2008
"... This paper examines the concept of resilience in the context of children affected by armed conflict. Resilience has been frequently viewed as a unique quality of certain ‘invulnerable ’ children. In contrast, this paper argues that a number of protective processes contribute to resilient mental heal ..."
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Cited by 14 (2 self)
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This paper examines the concept of resilience in the context of children affected by armed conflict. Resilience has been frequently viewed as a unique quality of certain ‘invulnerable ’ children. In contrast, this paper argues that a number of protective processes contribute to resilient mental health outcomes in children when considered through the lens of the child’s social ecology. While available research has made important contributions to understanding risk factors for negative mental health consequences of war-related violence and loss, the focus on trauma alone has resulted in inadequate attention to factors associated with resilient mental health outcomes. This paper presents key studies in the literature that address the interplay between risk and protective processes in the mental health of war-affected children from an ecological, developmental perspective. It suggests that further research on war-affected children should pay particular attention to coping and meaning making at the individual level; the role of attachment relationships, caregiver health, resources and connection in the family, and social support available in peer and extended social networks. Cultural and community influences such as attitudes towards mental health and healing as well as the meaning given to the experience of war itself are also important aspects of the larger social ecology.
Behavioral problems in school-aged children of mothers with HIV/AIDS
- Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry
, 2002
"... This study examined the relationships between selected risk and resistance factors and maternal reports of child behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in families affected by maternal HIV/AIDS. Data were obtained from 193 mothers with late-stage HIV/AIDS who were included in a sam ..."
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Cited by 10 (0 self)
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This study examined the relationships between selected risk and resistance factors and maternal reports of child behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) in families affected by maternal HIV/AIDS. Data were obtained from 193 mothers with late-stage HIV/AIDS who were included in a sample consecutively recruited from the New York City Division of AIDS Services Income Support to participate in Project Care, a randomized trial of a permanency planning inter-vention. Each mother reported on one HIV negative index child 5–12 years of age. Child behavior problems were related significantly to the mother’s psychological distress and marginally to her having illness-related activity restrictions, but not to other measures of maternal physical health, stigma or disclosure of her HIV to the child. Two child dispositional factors, productivity and independence, and two family factors, adaptability and a good parent–child relationship, were related to better child functioning, but family cohesion was a risk factor for poorer adjust-ment in this sample. These are likely to be key target variables useful to policy makers in planning programs to assist these children in coping successfully with their mother’s illness.
Family and child characteristics linking neighborhood context and child externalizing behavior
- Journal of Marriage and Family
, 2005
"... JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JS ..."
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Cited by 8 (1 self)
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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. National Council on Family Relations is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to
Pathways Through Adolescence: An Overview
"... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska- Lincoln. It has ..."
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Cited by 7 (0 self)
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This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Psychology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska- Lincoln. It has
