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665
Problem-solving: Problem-oriented Policing in Newport News
, 1987
"... Current police practice is primarily incident-driven, which aims at resolving individual incidents rather than groups of incidents or problems. Problem-oriented policing, on the other hand, aims at solving persistent community problems by identifying, analyzing, and responding to the underlying circ ..."
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Cited by 81 (5 self)
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Current police practice is primarily incident-driven, which aims at resolving individual incidents rather than groups of incidents or problems. Problem-oriented policing, on the other hand, aims at solving persistent community problems by identifying, analyzing, and responding to the underlying circumstances that create incidents. The Newport News Police Department, a moderate-sized agency, was selected by the National Institute of Justice to serve as a pilot test of problem-oriented policing. A departmental task force designed a four-stage problem solving process which involved all members of the department in problem-oriented policing. A problem analysis guide was used by officers to develop responses designed to produce measurable outcomes. Three problem solving efforts have advanced far enough to permit judgments on their effectiveness. Burglaries in an apartment complex were reduced 35 percent, and robberies in the central business district were reduced by 40 percent. Thefts from vehicles in the parking lot of Newport News Shipbuilding were reduced 55 percent. The findings indicate that problem-oriented policing can be successful, and it deserves further experimentation. 12 tables, 5 figures, and 143 references.
Assessing Responses to Problems: An Introductory Guide for Police ProblemSolvers. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2002. http://www.usdoj.gov/cops/pdf/cp_resources/guidebooks/e04021502.pdf
- Journal of Criminal Law and Ciminology
, 1980
"... This project was supported by cooperative agreement #99-CK-WX-K004 by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice. ..."
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Cited by 70 (2 self)
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This project was supported by cooperative agreement #99-CK-WX-K004 by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions contained herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice.
Causal explanation, qualitative research, and scientific inquiry in education
- Educational Researcher
, 2004
"... has elicited considerable criticism from the education research community, but this criticism has not focused on a key assumption of the report—its Humean, regularity conception of causality. It is argued that this conception, which also underlies other arguments for “scientifically-based research, ..."
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Cited by 66 (1 self)
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has elicited considerable criticism from the education research community, but this criticism has not focused on a key assumption of the report—its Humean, regularity conception of causality. It is argued that this conception, which also underlies other arguments for “scientifically-based research, ” is narrow and philosophically outdated, and leads to a misrepresentation of the nature and value of qualitative research for causal explanation. An alternative, realist approach to causality is presented that supports the scientific legitimacy of using qualitative research for causal investigation, reframes the arguments for experimental methods in educational research, and can support a more productive collaboration between qualitative and quantitative researchers. Amajor effort to establish “scientifically-based research” (SBR) in education has been under way for some time
Evidence-Based policy: The Promise of Realist Synthesis, Centre for Evidence Based Policy & Practice Working Paper 4
- Queen Mary, University of London
, 2002
"... On behalf of: ..."
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The Contribution of Critical Realism as an Underpinning Philosophy for OR/MS and Systems
, 2000
"... The paper begins by pointing out the diversity of philosophical positions within information systems, and the range of reactions to this diversity. It then discusses problems within the underlying philosophies of science, particularly positivism and interpretivism. With this as a background, the pap ..."
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Cited by 30 (4 self)
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The paper begins by pointing out the diversity of philosophical positions within information systems, and the range of reactions to this diversity. It then discusses problems within the underlying philosophies of science, particularly positivism and interpretivism. With this as a background, the paper proposes critical realism as an underpinning philosophy that has the potential to overcome both sets of difficulties. The theoretical arguments are practically illustrated by critiques of (positivist) statistical analysis and (interpretivist) soft systems methodology.
Does research design affect study outcomes? The
- Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
, 2001
"... ABSTRACT: Does the type of research design used in a crime and jus-tice study influence its conclusions? Scholars agree in theory that randomized experimental studies have higher internal validity than do nonrandomized studies. But there is not consensus regarding the costs of using nonrandomized st ..."
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Cited by 28 (4 self)
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ABSTRACT: Does the type of research design used in a crime and jus-tice study influence its conclusions? Scholars agree in theory that randomized experimental studies have higher internal validity than do nonrandomized studies. But there is not consensus regarding the costs of using nonrandomized studies in coming to conclusions re-garding criminal justice interventions. To examine these issues, the authors look at the relationship between research design and study outcomes in a broad review of research evidence on crime and justice commissioned by the National Institute of Justice. Their findings suggest that design does have a systematic effect on outcomes in criminal justice studies. The weaker a design, indicated by internal validity, the more likely a study is to report a result in favor of treat-ment and the less likely it is to report a harmful effect of treatment. Even when comparing randomized studies with strong quasi-experi-mental research designs, systematic and statistically significant dif-ferences are observed. NOTE: We are indebted to a number of colleagues for helpful comments in preparing this arti-
Design science as nested problem solving
- Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology - DESRIST ’09
, 2009
"... Design science emphasizes the connection between knowl-edge and practice by showing that we can produce scientific knowledge by designing useful things. However, without fur-ther guidelines, aspiring design science researchers tend to identify practical problems with knowledge questions, which may l ..."
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Cited by 26 (6 self)
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Design science emphasizes the connection between knowl-edge and practice by showing that we can produce scientific knowledge by designing useful things. However, without fur-ther guidelines, aspiring design science researchers tend to identify practical problems with knowledge questions, which may lead to methodologically unsound research designs. To solve a practical problem, the real world is changed to suit human purposes, but to solve a knowledge problem, we ac-quire knowledge about the world without necessarily chang-ing it. In design science, these two kinds of problems are mutually nested, but this nesting should not blind us for the fact that their problem-solving and solution justification methods are different. This paper analyzes the mutual nest-ing of practical problems and knowledge problems, derives some methodological guidelines from this for design science researchers, and gives an example of a design science project following this problem nesting.
From Muddling Through to Muddling Up -- Evidence Based Policy Making and the Modernisation of British Government
, 2002
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