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518
Gradient projection for sparse reconstruction: Application to compressed sensing and other inverse problems
- IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING
, 2007
"... Many problems in signal processing and statistical inference involve finding sparse solutions to under-determined, or ill-conditioned, linear systems of equations. A standard approach consists in minimizing an objective function which includes a quadratic (squared ℓ2) error term combined with a spa ..."
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Cited by 539 (17 self)
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Many problems in signal processing and statistical inference involve finding sparse solutions to under-determined, or ill-conditioned, linear systems of equations. A standard approach consists in minimizing an objective function which includes a quadratic (squared ℓ2) error term combined with a sparseness-inducing (ℓ1) regularization term.Basis pursuit, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), wavelet-based deconvolution, and compressed sensing are a few well-known examples of this approach. This paper proposes gradient projection (GP) algorithms for the bound-constrained quadratic programming (BCQP) formulation of these problems. We test variants of this approach that select the line search parameters in different ways, including techniques based on the Barzilai-Borwein method. Computational experiments show that these GP approaches perform well in a wide range of applications, often being significantly faster (in terms of computation time) than competing methods. Although the performance of GP methods tends to degrade as the regularization term is de-emphasized, we show how they can be embedded in a continuation scheme to recover their efficient practical performance.
From Sparse Solutions of Systems of Equations to Sparse Modeling of Signals and Images
, 2007
"... A full-rank matrix A ∈ IR n×m with n < m generates an underdetermined system of linear equations Ax = b having infinitely many solutions. Suppose we seek the sparsest solution, i.e., the one with the fewest nonzero entries: can it ever be unique? If so, when? As optimization of sparsity is combin ..."
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Cited by 427 (35 self)
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A full-rank matrix A ∈ IR n×m with n < m generates an underdetermined system of linear equations Ax = b having infinitely many solutions. Suppose we seek the sparsest solution, i.e., the one with the fewest nonzero entries: can it ever be unique? If so, when? As optimization of sparsity is combinatorial in nature, are there efficient methods for finding the sparsest solution? These questions have been answered positively and constructively in recent years, exposing a wide variety of surprising phenomena; in particular, the existence of easily-verifiable conditions under which optimally-sparse solutions can be found by concrete, effective computational methods. Such theoretical results inspire a bold perspective on some important practical problems in signal and image processing. Several well-known signal and image processing problems can be cast as demanding solutions of undetermined systems of equations. Such problems have previously seemed, to many, intractable. There is considerable evidence that these problems often have sparse solutions. Hence, advances in finding sparse solutions to underdetermined systems energizes research on such signal and image processing problems – to striking effect. In this paper we review the theoretical results on sparse solutions of linear systems, empirical
Probing the Pareto frontier for basis pursuit solutions
, 2008
"... The basis pursuit problem seeks a minimum one-norm solution of an underdetermined least-squares problem. Basis pursuit denoise (BPDN) fits the least-squares problem only approximately, and a single parameter determines a curve that traces the optimal trade-off between the least-squares fit and the ..."
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Cited by 364 (5 self)
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The basis pursuit problem seeks a minimum one-norm solution of an underdetermined least-squares problem. Basis pursuit denoise (BPDN) fits the least-squares problem only approximately, and a single parameter determines a curve that traces the optimal trade-off between the least-squares fit and the one-norm of the solution. We prove that this curve is convex and continuously differentiable over all points of interest, and show that it gives an explicit relationship to two other optimization problems closely related to BPDN. We describe a root-finding algorithm for finding arbitrary points on this curve; the algorithm is suitable for problems that are large scale and for those that are in the complex domain. At each iteration, a spectral gradient-projection method approximately minimizes a least-squares problem with an explicit one-norm constraint. Only matrix-vector operations are required. The primal-dual solution of this problem gives function and derivative information needed for the root-finding method. Numerical experiments on a comprehensive set of test problems demonstrate that the method scales well to large problems.
A new alternating minimization algorithm for total variation image reconstruction
- SIAM J. IMAGING SCI
, 2008
"... We propose, analyze and test an alternating minimization algorithm for recovering images from blurry and noisy observations with total variation (TV) regularization. This algorithm arises from a new half-quadratic model applicable to not only the anisotropic but also isotropic forms of total variati ..."
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Cited by 224 (26 self)
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We propose, analyze and test an alternating minimization algorithm for recovering images from blurry and noisy observations with total variation (TV) regularization. This algorithm arises from a new half-quadratic model applicable to not only the anisotropic but also isotropic forms of total variation discretizations. The per-iteration computational complexity of the algorithm is three Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). We establish strong convergence properties for the algorithm including finite convergence for some variables and relatively fast exponential (or q-linear in optimization terminology) convergence for the others. Furthermore, we propose a continuation scheme to accelerate the practical convergence of the algorithm. Extensive numerical results show that our algorithm performs favorably in comparison to several state-of-the-art algorithms. In particular, it runs orders of magnitude faster than the Lagged Diffusivity algorithm for total-variation-based deblurring. Some extensions of our algorithm are also discussed.
NESTA: A Fast and Accurate First-Order Method for Sparse Recovery
, 2009
"... Accurate signal recovery or image reconstruction from indirect and possibly undersampled data is a topic of considerable interest; for example, the literature in the recent field of compressed sensing is already quite immense. Inspired by recent breakthroughs in the development of novel first-order ..."
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Cited by 171 (2 self)
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Accurate signal recovery or image reconstruction from indirect and possibly undersampled data is a topic of considerable interest; for example, the literature in the recent field of compressed sensing is already quite immense. Inspired by recent breakthroughs in the development of novel first-order methods in convex optimization, most notably Nesterov’s smoothing technique, this paper introduces a fast and accurate algorithm for solving common recovery problems in signal processing. In the spirit of Nesterov’s work, one of the key ideas of this algorithm is a subtle averaging of sequences of iterates, which has been shown to improve the convergence properties of standard gradient-descent algorithms. This paper demonstrates that this approach is ideally suited for solving large-scale compressed sensing reconstruction problems as 1) it is computationally efficient, 2) it is accurate and returns solutions with several correct digits, 3) it is flexible and amenable to many kinds of reconstruction problems, and 4) it is robust in the sense that its excellent performance across a wide range of problems does not depend on the fine tuning of several parameters. Comprehensive numerical experiments on realistic signals exhibiting a large dynamic range show that this algorithm compares favorably with recently proposed state-of-the-art methods. We also apply the algorithm to solve other problems for which there are fewer alternatives, such as total-variation minimization, and
Enhancing Sparsity by Reweighted ℓ1 Minimization
, 2007
"... It is now well understood that (1) it is possible to reconstruct sparse signals exactly from what appear to be highly incomplete sets of linear measurements and (2) that this can be done by constrained ℓ1 minimization. In this paper, we study a novel method for sparse signal recovery that in many si ..."
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Cited by 145 (4 self)
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It is now well understood that (1) it is possible to reconstruct sparse signals exactly from what appear to be highly incomplete sets of linear measurements and (2) that this can be done by constrained ℓ1 minimization. In this paper, we study a novel method for sparse signal recovery that in many situations outperforms ℓ1 minimization in the sense that substantially fewer measurements are needed for exact recovery. The algorithm consists of solving a sequence of weighted ℓ1-minimization problems where the weights used for the next iteration are computed from the value of the current solution. We present a series of experiments demonstrating the remarkable performance and broad applicability of this algorithm in the areas of sparse signal recovery, statistical estimation, error correction and image processing. Interestingly, superior gains are also achieved when our method is applied to recover signals with assumed near-sparsity in overcomplete representations—not by reweighting the ℓ1 norm of the coefficient sequence as is common, but by reweighting the ℓ1 norm of the transformed object. An immediate consequence is the possibility of highly efficient data acquisition protocols by improving on a technique known as compressed sensing.
Fast image recovery using variable splitting and constrained optimization
- IEEE Trans. Image Process
, 2010
"... Abstract—We propose a new fast algorithm for solving one of the standard formulations of image restoration and reconstruction which consists of an unconstrained optimization problem where the objective includes an `2 data-fidelity term and a nonsmooth regularizer. This formulation allows both wavele ..."
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Cited by 127 (10 self)
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Abstract—We propose a new fast algorithm for solving one of the standard formulations of image restoration and reconstruction which consists of an unconstrained optimization problem where the objective includes an `2 data-fidelity term and a nonsmooth regularizer. This formulation allows both wavelet-based (with orthogonal or frame-based representations) regularization or total-variation regularization. Our approach is based on a variable splitting to obtain an equivalent constrained optimization formulation, which is then addressed with an augmented Lagrangian method. The proposed algorithm is an instance of the so-called alternating direction method of multipliers, for which convergence has been proved. Experiments on a set of image restoration and reconstruction benchmark problems show that the proposed algorithm is faster than the current state of the art methods. Index Terms—Augmented Lagrangian, compressive sensing, convex optimization, image reconstruction, image restoration,
Curvelet-Wavelet Regularized Split Bregman Iteration for Compressed Sensing
"... Compressed sensing is a new concept in signal processing. Assuming that a signal can be represented or approximated by only a few suitably chosen terms in a frame expansion, compressed sensing allows to recover this signal from much fewer samples than the Shannon-Nyquist theory requires. Many images ..."
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Cited by 119 (6 self)
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Compressed sensing is a new concept in signal processing. Assuming that a signal can be represented or approximated by only a few suitably chosen terms in a frame expansion, compressed sensing allows to recover this signal from much fewer samples than the Shannon-Nyquist theory requires. Many images can be sparsely approximated in expansions of suitable frames as wavelets, curvelets, wave atoms and others. Generally, wavelets represent point-like features while curvelets represent line-like features well. For a suitable recovery of images, we propose models that contain weighted sparsity constraints in two different frames. Given the incomplete measurements f = Φu + ɛ with the measurement matrix Φ ∈ R K×N, K<<N, we consider a jointly sparsity-constrained optimization problem of the form argmin{‖ΛcΨcu‖1 + ‖ΛwΨwu‖1 + u 1 2‖f − Φu‖22}. Here Ψcand Ψw are the transform matrices corresponding to the two frames, and the diagonal matrices Λc, Λw contain the weights for the frame coefficients. We present efficient iteration methods to solve the optimization problem, based on Alternating Split Bregman algorithms. The convergence of the proposed iteration schemes will be proved by showing that they can be understood as special cases of the Douglas-Rachford Split algorithm. Numerical experiments for compressed sensing based Fourier-domain random imaging show good performances of the proposed curvelet-wavelet regularized split Bregman (CWSpB) methods,whereweparticularlyuseacombination of wavelet and curvelet coefficients as sparsity constraints.
An augmented Lagrangian approach to the constrained optimization formulation of imaging inverse problems
- IEEE Trans. Image Process
, 2011
"... Abstract—We propose a new fast algorithm for solving one of the standard approaches to ill-posed linear inverse problems (IPLIP), where a (possibly nonsmooth) regularizer is minimized under the constraint that the solution explains the observations sufficiently well. Although the regularizer and con ..."
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Cited by 92 (9 self)
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Abstract—We propose a new fast algorithm for solving one of the standard approaches to ill-posed linear inverse problems (IPLIP), where a (possibly nonsmooth) regularizer is minimized under the constraint that the solution explains the observations sufficiently well. Although the regularizer and constraint are usually convex, several particular features of these problems (huge dimensionality, nonsmoothness) preclude the use of off-the-shelf optimization tools and have stimulated a considerable amount of research. In this paper, we propose a new efficient algorithm to handle one class of constrained problems (often known as basis pursuit denoising) tailored to image recovery applications. The proposed algorithm, which belongs to the family of augmented Lagrangian methods, can be used to deal with a variety of imaging IPLIP, including deconvolution and reconstruction from compressive observations (such as MRI), using either total-variation or wavelet-based (or, more generally, frame-based) regularization. The proposed algorithm is an instance of the so-called alternating direction method of multipliers, for which convergence sufficient conditions are known; we show that these conditions are satisfied by the proposed algorithm. Experiments on a set of image restoration and reconstruction benchmark problems show that the proposed algorithm is a strong contender for the state-of-the-art. Index Terms—Convex optimization, frames, image reconstruction, image restoration, inpainting, total-variation. A. Problem Formulation
