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... essentially, no indirection is needed in order to modify any of these parameters, since anything in the screen behaves simultaneously as an output and as an input, as both representation and control =-=[35]-=-. In spite of being controlled by a mouse, FMOL was already a musical abacus, in the Ishiian sense of the term [14]. From an empirical point of view, FMOL had proved to be a good musical instrument us...

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...lity tradeoff to these methods. Although the study showed that real walking performed better, it may be necessary to use the walking in place system if space is constrained. Summary These four case studies illustrate emerging interfaces that apply the RBI themes. Each system had inspirations from the real world, but also gave up reality when necessary to achieve additional design goals. RELATED TAXONOMIES AND FRAMEWORKS To date, work that attempts to explain or organize emerging styles of interaction has focused more on individual classes of interfaces than on ideas that unify several classes [16, 18, 19, 22, 35, 47]. Some work has focused more generally on new issues that are not present in interactions with traditional WIMP interfaces [8, 9, 14, 17, 29]. For example, Coutrix and Nigay[14] as well as Dubois and Gray[17] have developed interaction models for guiding designers of mixed reality systems (such as augmented reality, tangible systems, and ubiquitous applications). Other work has focused on specific new interaction styles [6, 23, 37, 55]. While previous work focuses on subsets of interaction styles, our RBI framework applies to a wider range of emerging interaction styles. Finally, the work that...

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...t this goal. Frazer’s Three-Dimensional Data Input Devices [2] and more recently Gorbet’s Triangles [3] have explored approaches to parallel physical/digital interactions. The Tangible User Interface =-=[4]-=- is increasingly accepted as an alternative paradigm to the more conventional Graphical User Interface, where the ability to manipulate objects in space is more fully utilized. Wellner’s Digital Desk ...

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...ed (right). Descriptive power - Instrumental interaction describes a wide spectrum of interaction techniques, from traditional GUIs to advanced techniques such as toolglasses [9], tangible interfaces =-=[34]-=- and augmented reality [37]. (See [4] for details). Evaluative power - I have introduced three properties [4] to compare instruments with similar functions. The degree o f indirection is the distance,...

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... to see tangible interaction as perceptual-motor centred rather than data centred. 3.1 Our concerns with the status quo The past few years have spawned many impressive tangible interaction prototypes =-=[24]-=-. These are very interesting to us, since the challenges of creating meaning in tangible interaction and in electronic product design strongly resemble each other. We are concerned, however, that the ...

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... and digital representations as an important distinction between different types of systems. Integration here refers to the spatial and temporal relationship between representations. Ishii and Ullmer =-=[26, 53]-=- have proposed integration of representations as one of the defining features of tangible user interfaces; Koleva et al. [32] and Fishkin [19] have suggested that the level of integration of represent...

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...artefacts and materials. Thus, this work relates to a general challenge often addressed in tangible interaction, where the goal is to bridge the “gap” between physical and virtual forms of expression =-=[13, 32]-=-. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial a...