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... essentially, no indirection is needed in order to modify any of these parameters, since anything in the screen behaves simultaneously as an output and as an input, as both representation and control =-=[35]-=-. In spite of being controlled by a mouse, FMOL was already a musical abacus, in the Ishiian sense of the term [14]. From an empirical point of view, FMOL had proved to be a good musical instrument us...

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...t this goal. Frazer’s Three-Dimensional Data Input Devices [2] and more recently Gorbet’s Triangles [3] have explored approaches to parallel physical/digital interactions. The Tangible User Interface =-=[4]-=- is increasingly accepted as an alternative paradigm to the more conventional Graphical User Interface, where the ability to manipulate objects in space is more fully utilized. Wellner’s Digital Desk ...

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...ed (right). Descriptive power - Instrumental interaction describes a wide spectrum of interaction techniques, from traditional GUIs to advanced techniques such as toolglasses [9], tangible interfaces =-=[34]-=- and augmented reality [37]. (See [4] for details). Evaluative power - I have introduced three properties [4] to compare instruments with similar functions. The degree o f indirection is the distance,...

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... to see tangible interaction as perceptual-motor centred rather than data centred. 3.1 Our concerns with the status quo The past few years have spawned many impressive tangible interaction prototypes =-=[24]-=-. These are very interesting to us, since the challenges of creating meaning in tangible interaction and in electronic product design strongly resemble each other. We are concerned, however, that the ...

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... and digital representations as an important distinction between different types of systems. Integration here refers to the spatial and temporal relationship between representations. Ishii and Ullmer =-=[26, 53]-=- have proposed integration of representations as one of the defining features of tangible user interfaces; Koleva et al. [32] and Fishkin [19] have suggested that the level of integration of represent...

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...artefacts and materials. Thus, this work relates to a general challenge often addressed in tangible interaction, where the goal is to bridge the “gap” between physical and virtual forms of expression =-=[13, 32]-=-. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial a...

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... not bend the players back to technology centered interaction styles. We opt for tangible interfaces such as physical game boards that fuse state representations with means of state manipulations. As =-=[14]-=- outline, the principal attribute of a tangible interface is the seamless integration of representations and controls. That is, an ideal tangible interface does not differentiate between input and out...