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Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. (1983)

by B Shneiderman
Venue:IEEE Computer,
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An Overview of AspectJ

by Gregor Kiczales, Erik Hilsdale, Jim Hugunin, Mik Kersten, Jeffrey Palm, William G. Griswold , 2001
"... AspectJ-TM is a simple and practical aspect-oriented extension to Java-TM. With just a few new constructs, AspectJ provides support for modular implementation of a range of crosscutting concerns. In AspectJ's dynamic join point model, join points are well-defined points in the execution of the ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1402 (22 self) - Add to MetaCart
AspectJ-TM is a simple and practical aspect-oriented extension to Java-TM. With just a few new constructs, AspectJ provides support for modular implementation of a range of crosscutting concerns. In AspectJ's dynamic join point model, join points are well-defined points in the execution of the program
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...empting the normal computation at the join point. This advice framework is based on the declarative method combination mechanism in CLOS [11] (which itself was modeled on the demon methods of Flavors =-=[8, 10, 31]-=-). Advice declarations define advice by associating a code body with a pointcut, and a time, relative to each join point in the pointcut, when the code should be executed. The advice declaration after...

Emerging Frameworks for Tangible User Interfaces

by Brygg Ullmer, Hiroshi Ishii , 2001
"... For more than thirty years, people have relied primarily on screen-based text and graphics to interact with computers. Whether the screen is placed on a desk, held in one's hand, worn on one's head, or embedded in the physical environment, the screen has cultivated a predominantly visual p ..."
Abstract - Cited by 374 (9 self) - Add to MetaCart
For more than thirty years, people have relied primarily on screen-based text and graphics to interact with computers. Whether the screen is placed on a desk, held in one's hand, worn on one's head, or embedded in the physical environment, the screen has cultivated a predominantly visual paradigm of human-computer interaction. In this chapter, we discuss a growing space of interfaces in which physical objects play a central role as both physical representations and controls for digital information. We present an interaction model and key characteristics for such "tangible user interfaces," and explore these characteristics in a number of interface examples. This discussion supports a newly integrated view of both recent and previous work, and points the way towards new kinds of computationally-mediated interfaces that more seamlessly weave together the physical and digital worlds.

An Introduction to Software Agents

by Jeffrey M. Bradshaw , 1997
"... ion and delegation: Agents can be made extensible and composable in ways that common iconic interface objects cannot. Because we can "communicate" with them, they can share our goals, rather than simply process our commands. They can show us how to do things and tell us what went wrong (Mi ..."
Abstract - Cited by 361 (9 self) - Add to MetaCart
ion and delegation: Agents can be made extensible and composable in ways that common iconic interface objects cannot. Because we can "communicate" with them, they can share our goals, rather than simply process our commands. They can show us how to do things and tell us what went wrong (Miller and Neches 1987). . Flexibility and opportunism: Because they can be instructed at the level of 16 BRADSHAW goals and strategies, agents can find ways to "work around" unforeseen problems and exploit new opportunities as they help solve problems. . Task orientation: Agents can be designed to take the context of the person's tasks and situation into account as they present information and take action. . Adaptivity: Agents can use learning algorithms to continually improve their behavior by noticing recurrent patterns of actions and events. Toward Agent-Enabled System Architectures In the future, assistant agents at the user interface and resource-managing agents behind the scenes will increas...

Dynamic Queries for Information Exploration: An Implementation and Evaluation

by Christopher Ahlberg, Christopher Williamson, Ben Shneiderman , 1992
"... We designed, implemented and evaluated a new concept for direct manipulation of databases, called dynamic queries, that allows users to formulate queries with graphical widgets, such as sliders. By providing a graphical visualization of the database and search results, users can find trends and exce ..."
Abstract - Cited by 328 (22 self) - Add to MetaCart
We designed, implemented and evaluated a new concept for direct manipulation of databases, called dynamic queries, that allows users to formulate queries with graphical widgets, such as sliders. By providing a graphical visualization of the database and search results, users can find trends and exceptions easily. Eighteen undergraduate chemistry students performed statistically significantly faster usingadynamicqueries interface compared to two interfaces both providing form fillin as input method, one with graphical visualization output and one with all-textual output. The interfaces were used to expore the periodic table of elements and search on their properties. 1. INTRODUCTION Mostdatabasesystems require the user to create andformulate a complex query, whichpresumes that the user is familiar with the logical structure of the database [4]. The queries on a database are usually expressed in high level query languages (such as SQL,QUEL). This works well for many applications, but it ...
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... for other applications such as display editors, spreadsheets, computer aided design/manufacturing systems, computer games and graphical environments for operating systems such as the Apple Macintosh =-=[8]-=-. Direct manipulation interfaces support: --------------------------------- * Current address: Dept of Comp. Sci., Chalmers Univ. S-412 96 Gteborg, Sweden . Continuous visual representation of objects...

Dynamic Queries for Visual Information Seeking

by Ben Shneiderman - IEEE Software , 1994
"... Dynamic queries are a novel approach to information seeking that may enable users to cope with information overload. They allow users to see an overview of the database, rapidly (100 msec updates) explore and conveniently filter out unwanted information. Users fly through information spaces by incre ..."
Abstract - Cited by 298 (35 self) - Add to MetaCart
Dynamic queries are a novel approach to information seeking that may enable users to cope with information overload. They allow users to see an overview of the database, rapidly (100 msec updates) explore and conveniently filter out unwanted information. Users fly through information spaces by incrementally adjusting a query (with sliders, buttons, and other filters) while continuously viewing the changing results. Dynamic queries on the chemical table of elements, computer directories, and a real estate database were built and tested in three separate exploratory experiments. These results show statistically significant performance improvements and user enthusiasm more commonly seen with video games. Widespread application seems possible but research issues remain in database and display algorithms, and user interface design. Challenges include methods for rapidly displaying and changing many points, colors, and areas; multidimensional pointing; incorporation of sound and visual displ...
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... 100 milliseconds, enabling them to answer simple fact questions and find patterns or exceptions. Dynamic queries are an application of the direct manipulation principles in the database environment (=-=Shneiderman, 1983-=-). They depend on presenting a visual overview, powerful filtering tools, continuous visual display of information, pointing rather than typing, and rapid, incremental, and reversible control of the q...

Instrumental Interaction: An Interaction Model for Designing Post-WIMP User Interfaces

by Michel Beaudouin-Lafon , 2000
"... This article introduces a new interaction model called Instrumental Interaction that extends and generalizes the principles of direct manipulation. It covers existing interaction styles, including traditional WIMP interfaces, as well as new interaction styles such as two-handed input and augmented r ..."
Abstract - Cited by 188 (14 self) - Add to MetaCart
This article introduces a new interaction model called Instrumental Interaction that extends and generalizes the principles of direct manipulation. It covers existing interaction styles, including traditional WIMP interfaces, as well as new interaction styles such as two-handed input and augmented reality. It defines a design space for new interaction techniques and a set of properties for comparing them. Instrumental Interaction describes graphical user interfaces in terms of domain objects and interaction instruments. Interaction between users and domain objects is mediated by interaction instruments, similar to the tools and instruments we use in the real world to interact with physical objects. The article presents the model, applies it to describe and compare a number of interaction techniques, and shows how it was used to create a new interface for searching and replacing text. Keywords Interaction model, WIMP interfaces, direct manipulation, post-WIMP interfaces, instrumental ...
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..., WIMP interfaces, direct manipulation, post-WIMP interfaces, instrumental interaction INTRODUCTION In the early eighties, the Xerox Star user interface [27] and the principles of direct manipulation =-=[26]-=- led to a powerful graphical user interface model, referred to as WlMP (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointing). WlMP interfaces revolutionized computing, making computers accessible to a broad audience f...

Paradox of the Active User

by John M. Carroll, Mary Beth Rosson , 1987
"... One of the most sweeping changes ever in the ecology of human cognition may be taking place today. People are beginning to learn and use very powerful and sophisticated information processing technology as a matter of daily life. From the perspective of human history, this could be a transitional po ..."
Abstract - Cited by 156 (6 self) - Add to MetaCart
One of the most sweeping changes ever in the ecology of human cognition may be taking place today. People are beginning to learn and use very powerful and sophisticated information processing technology as a matter of daily life. From the perspective of human history, this could be a transitional point dividing a period when machines merely helped us do things from a period when machines will seriously help us think about things. But if this is so, we are indeed still very much within the transition. For most people, computers have more possibility than they have real practical utility.

NodeTrix: a hybrid visualization of social networks

by Nathalie Henry, Jean-Daniel Fekete, Michael J. Mcguffin - IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS (IEEE VISUALIZATION CONFERENCE AND IEEE CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION VISUALIZATION PROCEEDINGS , 2007
"... The need to visualize large social networks is growing as hardware capabilities make analyzing large networks feasible and many new data sets become available. Unfortunately, the visualizations in existing systems do not satisfactorily resolve the basic dilemma of being readable both for the global ..."
Abstract - Cited by 126 (13 self) - Add to MetaCart
The need to visualize large social networks is growing as hardware capabilities make analyzing large networks feasible and many new data sets become available. Unfortunately, the visualizations in existing systems do not satisfactorily resolve the basic dilemma of being readable both for the global structure of the network and also for detailed analysis of local communities. To address this problem, we present NodeTrix, a hybrid representation for networks that combines the advantages of two traditional representations: node-link diagrams are used to show the global structure of a network, while arbitrary portions of the network can be shown as adjacency matrices to better support the analysis of communities. A key contribution is a set of interaction techniques. These allow analysts to create a NodeTrix visualization by dragging selections to and from node-link and matrix forms, and to flexibly manipulate the NodeTrix representation to explore the dataset and create meaningful summary visualizations of their findings. Finally, we present a case study applying NodeTrix to the analysis of the InfoVis 2004 coauthorship dataset to illustrate the capabilities of NodeTrix as both an exploration tool and an effective means of communicating results.
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...riables to aggregated and underlying network attributes using simple controls such as combo boxes or sliders. The visualization is immediately updated, following the principles of direct manipulation =-=[28]-=-. 4 INTERACTION We designed a set of interaction techniques to create, edit and manipulate NodeTrix in a very simple and powerful way because we believe that manipulation is key to understanding a net...

Forms/3: A First-Order Visual Language to Explore the Boundaries of the Spreadsheet Paradigm

by Margaret Burnett, John Atwood, Rebecca Walpole Djang, Herkimer Gottfried, James Reichwein, Sherry Yang
"... Although detractors of functional programming sometimes claim that functional programming is too difficult or counterintuitive for most programmers to understand and use, evidence to the contrary can be found by looking at the popularity of spreadsheets. The spreadsheet paradigm, a first-order subs ..."
Abstract - Cited by 124 (41 self) - Add to MetaCart
Although detractors of functional programming sometimes claim that functional programming is too difficult or counterintuitive for most programmers to understand and use, evidence to the contrary can be found by looking at the popularity of spreadsheets. The spreadsheet paradigm, a first-order subset of the functional programming paradigm, has found wide acceptance among both programmers and end users. Still, there are many limitations with most spreadsheet systems.

A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology

by Brad A. Myers - ACM INTERACTIONS , 1998
"... This article summarizes the historical development of major advances in humancomputer interaction technology, emphasizing the pivotal role of university research in the advancement of the field. ..."
Abstract - Cited by 122 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart
This article summarizes the historical development of major advances in humancomputer interaction technology, emphasizing the pivotal role of university research in the advancement of the field.
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...isa (1982) [51] and Macintosh (1984) [52].sBen Shneiderman at the University of Maryland coined the term “Direct Manipulation” in 1982 and identified the components and gave psychological foundationss=-=[40]-=-. • The Mouse: The mouse was developed at Stanford Research Laboratory (now SRI) in 1965 as part of the NLS project (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC) [9] to be a cheap replacement for light-pens...

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