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...e data and rules obtained from the human expert” (Howe 1996). Freeman and Ahn expanded upon and modified Imhof’s rules, creating a system of name placement rules applicable to automated labeling of point, line, and area features, while recognizing that an automated system must also allow flexibility in modifying or defining additional rules specific to particular applications. Area feature name placement being most difficult, Freemen and Ahn placed those labels first, followed by point and then line feature labels. They also permitted backtracking to resolve any overlaps that may have arisen. Wood (2000) also extended Imhof’s rules, supplying detailed rationale and sample illustrations regarding name placement for a variety of specific feature types not addressed by Imhof. For example, where Imhof provided general guidance on placement of areal feature names, Wood extended the discussion with specific suggestions for labeling lakes, islands and island groups, capes and points, channels, gulfs, bays, and lagoons. Yoeli (1972) proposed a scheme to prioritize eight potential positions of labels around a point feature, with top priority for placement above and to the right of a feature (Figure 1)...

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... criteria model that covers more cartographic placement rules than the related work and show the practical applicability by implementation and experiment. 2 Multi-criteria model The extant guidelines =-=[4, 5, 6]-=- that refer to labelling of point features can be divided into two categories: rules and constraints. The list of rules adapted to the requirements of our purposes is as follows: R1 Type arrangement s...