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Black-box conformance testing for real-time systems
- In 11th International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking of Software (SPIN’04), volume 2989 of LNCS
, 2004
"... We propose a new framework for black-box conformance testing of real-time systems. The framework is based on the model of partially-observable, non-deterministic timed automata. We argue that partial observability and non-determinism are essential features for ease of modeling, expressiveness and im ..."
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Cited by 74 (12 self)
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We propose a new framework for black-box conformance testing of real-time systems. The framework is based on the model of partially-observable, non-deterministic timed automata. We argue that partial observability and non-determinism are essential features for ease of modeling, expressiveness and implementability. The framework allows the user to define, through appropriate modeling, assumptions on the environment of the system under test (SUT) as well as on the interface between the tester and the SUT. We consider two types of tests: analog-clock tests and digital-clock tests. Our algorithm to generate analogclock tests is based on an on-the-fly determinization of the specification automaton during the execution of the test, which in turn relies on reachability computations. The latter can sometimes be costly, thus problematic, since the tester must quickly react to the actions of the system under test. Therefore, we provide techniques which allow analog-clock testers to be represented as deterministic timed automata, thus minimizing the reaction time to a simple state jump. We provide algorithms for static or on-the-fly generation of digitalclock tests. These tests measure time only with finite-precision, digital clocks, another essential condition for implementability. We also propose a technique for location, edge and state coverage of the specification, by reducing the problem to covering a symbolic reachability graph. This avoids having to generate too many tests. We report on a prototype tool TTG and two case studies: a lighting device and the Bounded Retransmission Protocol. Experimental results obtained by applying TTG on the Bounded Retransmission Protocol show that only a few tests suffice to cover thousands of reachable symbolic states in the specification.
Model Based Testing with Labelled Transition Systems
, 2008
"... Model based testing is one of the promising technologies to meet the challenges imposed on software testing. In model based testing an implementation under test is tested for compliance with a model that describes the required behaviour of the implementation. This tutorial chapter describes a model ..."
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Cited by 61 (2 self)
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Model based testing is one of the promising technologies to meet the challenges imposed on software testing. In model based testing an implementation under test is tested for compliance with a model that describes the required behaviour of the implementation. This tutorial chapter describes a model based testing theory where models are expressed as labelled transition systems, and compliance is defined with the ‘ioco’ implementation relation. The ioco-testing theory, on the one hand, provides a sound and well-defined foundation for labelled transition system testing, having its roots in the theoretical area of testing equivalences and refusal testing. On the other hand, it has proved to be a practical basis for several model based test generation tools and applications. Definitions, underlying assumptions, an algorithm, properties, and several examples of the ioco-testing theory are discussed, involving specifications, implementations, tests, the ioco implementation relation and some of its variants, a test generation algorithm, and the soundness and exhaustiveness of this algorithm.
Testing real-time embedded software using uppaal-tron - an industrial case study
- In Proc. of the 5th ACM International Conference on Embedded Software, 2005. [LPY97] [LT88] [Tre96] [Vil05
, 1997
"... UPPAAL-TRON is a new tool for model based online black-box conformance testing of real-time embedded systems specified as timed automata. In this paper we present our experiences in applying our tool and technique on an industrial case study. We conclude that the tool and technique is applicable to ..."
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Cited by 40 (3 self)
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UPPAAL-TRON is a new tool for model based online black-box conformance testing of real-time embedded systems specified as timed automata. In this paper we present our experiences in applying our tool and technique on an industrial case study. We conclude that the tool and technique is applicable to practical systems, and that it has promising error detection potential and execution performance. Categories and Subject Descriptors D.2 [Software Engineering]: Miscellaneous; D.2.5 [Software Engineering]: Testing and Debugging—symbolic execution, monitors,
An Orchestrated Survey on Automated Software Test Case Generation
, 2013
"... Test case generation is among the most labour-intensive tasks in software testing and also one that has a strong impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of software testing. For these reasons, it has also been one of the most active topics in the research on software testing for several decades, ..."
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Cited by 20 (2 self)
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Test case generation is among the most labour-intensive tasks in software testing and also one that has a strong impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of software testing. For these reasons, it has also been one of the most active topics in the research on software testing for several decades, resulting in many different approaches and tools. This paper presents an orchestrated survey of the most prominent techniques for automatic generation of software test cases, reviewed in self-standing sections. The techniques presented include: (a) structural testing using symbolic execution, (b) model-based testing, (c) combinatorial testing, (d) random testing and its variant of adaptive random testing, and (e) search-based testing. Each section is contributed by world-renowned active researchers on the technique, and briefly covers the basic ideas underlying the technique, the current state of art, a discussion of the open research problems, and a perspective of the future development in the approach. As a whole, the paper aims at giving an introductory, up-to-date and (relatively) short overview of research in automatic test case generation, while ensuring comprehensiveness and authoritativeness.
Comparing the Expressiveness of Timed Automata and Timed Extensions of Petri Nets
"... Time dependant models have been intensively studied for many reasons, among others because of their applications in software verification and due to the development of embedded platforms where reliability and safety depend to a large extent on the time features. Many of the time dependant models w ..."
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Cited by 16 (2 self)
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Time dependant models have been intensively studied for many reasons, among others because of their applications in software verification and due to the development of embedded platforms where reliability and safety depend to a large extent on the time features. Many of the time dependant models were suggested as real-time extensions of several well-known untimed models. The most studied formalisms include Networks of Timed Automata which extend the model of communicating finite-state machines with a finite number of real-valued clocks, and timed extensions of Petri nets where the added time constructs include e.g. time intervals that are assigned to the transitions (Time Petri Nets) or to the arcs (Timed-Arc Petri Nets). In this paper, we shall semiformally introduce these models, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and provide an overview of the known results about the relationships among the models.
to appear). Model-driven engineering for development-time QoS validation of component-based software systems
- In Proceeding of International Conference on Engineering of Component Based Systems, Tuscon, AZ
, 2007
"... Model-driven engineering (MDE) techniques are increasingly being used to address many of the development and operational lifecycle concerns of largescale component-based systems. One such concern lacking significant research deals with the validation of quality-of-service (QoS) properties of compone ..."
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Cited by 11 (6 self)
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Model-driven engineering (MDE) techniques are increasingly being used to address many of the development and operational lifecycle concerns of largescale component-based systems. One such concern lacking significant research deals with the validation of quality-of-service (QoS) properties of componentbased systems throughout their development lifecycle instead of waiting until system integration time, which is very late and can be detrimental to project schedules and costs. This paper describes our novel MDE-based solution to address this challenge. At the core of our solution approach are (1) a set of domain-specific modeling languages that allow us to mimic component “business logic, ” and (2) a generative programming framework that synthesizes empirical benchmarking code for system emulation and continuous QoS evaluation.
Timed Testing under Partial Observability
, 2009
"... This paper studies the problem of model-based testing of real-time systems that are only partially observable. We model the System Under Test (SUT) using Timed Game Automata (TGA) which has internal actions, uncontrollable outputs and timing uncertainty of outputs. We define the partial observabilit ..."
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Cited by 9 (1 self)
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This paper studies the problem of model-based testing of real-time systems that are only partially observable. We model the System Under Test (SUT) using Timed Game Automata (TGA) which has internal actions, uncontrollable outputs and timing uncertainty of outputs. We define the partial observability of SUT using a set of predicates over the TGA state space, and specify the test purposes in Computation Tree Logic (CTL) formulas. A recently developed partially observable timed game solver is used to generate winning strategies, which are used as test cases. We propose a conformance testing framework, define a partial observation-based conformance relation, present the test execution algorithms, and prove the soundness and completeness of this test method (i.e., a detected error really violates the conformance relation; and if the SUT violates the test purpose, then a test case can be generated to detect this violation). Experiments on some non-trivial examples show that this method yields encouraging results.
Putting preemptive Time Petri Nets to work in a V-Model SW life cycle
- IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng
, 2011
"... Abstract—Preemptive Time Petri Nets (pTPNs) support modeling and analysis of concurrent timed SW components running under fixed priority preemptive scheduling. The model is supported by a well-established theory based on symbolic state space analysis through Difference Bounds Matrix (DBM) zones, wit ..."
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Cited by 8 (8 self)
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Abstract—Preemptive Time Petri Nets (pTPNs) support modeling and analysis of concurrent timed SW components running under fixed priority preemptive scheduling. The model is supported by a well-established theory based on symbolic state space analysis through Difference Bounds Matrix (DBM) zones, with specific contributions on compositional modularization, trace analysis, and efficient overapproximation and cleanup in the management of suspension deriving from preemptive behavior. In this paper, we devise and implement a framework that brings the theory to application. To this end, we cast the theory into an organic tailoring of design, coding, and testing activities within a V-Model SW life cycle in respect of the principles of regulatory standards applied to the construction of safety-critical SW components. To implement the toolchain subtended by the overall approach into a Model Driven Development (MDD) framework, we complement the theory of state space analysis with methods and techniques supporting semiformal specification and automated compilation into pTPN models and real-time code, measurement-based Execution Time estimation, test case selection and execution, coverage evaluation. Index Terms—Real-time systems, safety-critical SW components, SW life cycle, V-Model, preemptive Time Petri Nets, symbolic state space analysis, model driven development, automated model transformation, automated code generation, Execution Time estimation, real-time testing, test case selection and execution, coverage analysis. Ç 1
Model-Based Testing of a WAP Gateway: an Industrial Study
- Proc. 11 th International Workshop on Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems (FMICS’06), Lecture Notes in Computer Science
, 2006
"... We present experiences from a case study where a model-based approach to black-box testing is applied to verify that a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) gateway conforms to its specification 1. The WAP gateway is developed by Ericsson and used in mobile telephone networks to connect mobile phones ..."
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Cited by 8 (6 self)
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We present experiences from a case study where a model-based approach to black-box testing is applied to verify that a Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) gateway conforms to its specification 1. The WAP gateway is developed by Ericsson and used in mobile telephone networks to connect mobile phones with the Internet. We focus on testing the software implementing the session (WSP) and transaction (WTP) layers of the WAP protocol. These layers, and their surrounding environment, are described as a network of timed automata. To model the many sequence numbers (from a large domain) used in the protocol, we introduce an abstraction technique. We believe the suggested abstraction technique will prove useful to model and analyse other similar protocols with sequence numbers, in particular in the context of model-based testing. A complete test bed is presented, which includes generation and execution of test cases. It takes as input a model and a coverage criterion expressed as an observer, and returns a verdict for each test case. The test bed includes existing tools from Ericsson for test-case execution. To generate test suites, we use our own tool CO�ER — a new test-case generation tool based on the real-time modelchecker UPPAAL.
