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Interpretation as Abduction
, 1990
"... An approach to abductive inference developed in the TACITUS project has resulted in a dramatic simplification of how the problem of interpreting texts is conceptualized. Its use in solving the local pragmatics problems of reference, compound nominals, syntactic ambiguity, and metonymy is described ..."
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Cited by 687 (38 self)
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An approach to abductive inference developed in the TACITUS project has resulted in a dramatic simplification of how the problem of interpreting texts is conceptualized. Its use in solving the local pragmatics problems of reference, compound nominals, syntactic ambiguity, and metonymy is described and illustrated. It also suggests an elegant and thorough integration of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. 1
Analogical Mapping by Constraint Satisfaction
- COGNITIVE SCIENCE 13, 29-5 (1989)
, 1989
"... A theory of analogical mopping between source and target analogs based upon interacting structural, semantic, and pragmatic constraints is proposed here. The structural constraint of fsomorphfsm encourages mappings that maximize the consistency of relational corresondences between the elements of th ..."
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Cited by 397 (29 self)
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A theory of analogical mopping between source and target analogs based upon interacting structural, semantic, and pragmatic constraints is proposed here. The structural constraint of fsomorphfsm encourages mappings that maximize the consistency of relational corresondences between the elements of the two analogs. The constraint of semantic similarity supports mapping hypotheses to the degree that mapped predicates have similar meanings. The constraint of pragmatic centrality fovors mappings involving elements the analogist believes to be important in order to achieve the purpose for which the anology Is being used. The theory is implemented in a computer progrom called ACME (Analogical Constraint Mapping Engine), which represents constraints by means of a network of supporting and competing hypotheses regarding what elements to map. A coop erative algorithm for parallel constraint satisfaction identifies mapping hypotheses that collectively represent the overall mapping that best fits the interactlng constraints. ACME has been applied to a wide range of examples that include problem analogies, analogical arguments, explanatory analogies, story analogies, formal analogies, and metaphors. ACME is sensitive to semantic and prag matic information if it is available,.and yet able to compute mappings between formally isomorphic analogs without any similar or identical elements. The theory Is able to account for empirical findings regarding the impact of consistenty and similarity on human processing of analogies.
The career of metaphor
- Psychological Review
, 2005
"... A central question in metaphor research is how metaphors establish mappings between concepts from different domains. The authors propose an evolutionary path based on structure-mapping theory. This hypothesis-the career of metaphor-postulates a shift in mode of mapping from comparison to categorizat ..."
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Cited by 92 (3 self)
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A central question in metaphor research is how metaphors establish mappings between concepts from different domains. The authors propose an evolutionary path based on structure-mapping theory. This hypothesis-the career of metaphor-postulates a shift in mode of mapping from comparison to categorization as metaphors are conventionalized. Moreover, as demonstrated by 3 experiments, this processing shift is reflected in the very language that people use to make figurative assertions. The career of metaphor hypothesis offers a unified theoretical framework that can resolve the debate between comparison and categorization models of metaphor. This account further suggests that whether metaphors are processed directly or indirectly, and whether they operate at the level of individual concepts or entire conceptual domains, will depend both on their degree of conventionality and on their linguistic form. Over the past two decades, the cognitive perspective on metaphor has undergone a radical shift. Traditionally, metaphors have been treated as both rare in comparison to literal language and largely ornamental in nature. Current research suggests precisely the opposite. Rather than being restricted to poetic uses, metaphor is common in everyday communication (e.g., Graesser, Long, &
Learning from physical analogies : A study in analogy and the explanation process. Doctoral dissertation
, 1988
"... United States Government. Appproved for public release; distribution unlimited. ..."
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Cited by 36 (3 self)
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United States Government. Appproved for public release; distribution unlimited.
Computer Understanding of Conventional Metaphoric Language
- Cognitive Science
, 1992
"... Metaphor is a conventional and ordinary part of language. An approach to metaphor, based on the explicit representation of knowledge about metaphors, has been developed. This approach asserts that the interpretation of conventional metaphoric language should proceed through the direct application ..."
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Cited by 24 (2 self)
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Metaphor is a conventional and ordinary part of language. An approach to metaphor, based on the explicit representation of knowledge about metaphors, has been developed. This approach asserts that the interpretation of conventional metaphoric language should proceed through the direct application of specific knowledge about the metaphors in the language. midas (Metaphor Interpretation, Denotation, and Acquisition System) is a computer program that has been developed based upon this approach. midas can be used to represent knowledge about conventional metaphors, interpret metaphoric language by applying this knowledge, and dynamically learn new metaphors as they are encountered during normal processing. 2 1 Conventional Metaphor Consider the problem of understanding the conventional metaphoric language in the following examples. (1) How can I kill a process? (2) How can I get into Lisp? (3) You can enter Emacs by typing "emacs" to the shell. (4) Nili gave Marc her cold. ...
Belief ascription, metaphor, and intensional identification
- Cognitive Science
, 1991
"... This paper discusses the extension of ViewGen, an algorithm derived for belief ascription, to the areas of speech acts, intensional object representation and metaphor. ViewGen represents the beliefs of agents as explicit, partitioned proposition-sets known as environments. Environments are convenien ..."
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Cited by 18 (3 self)
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This paper discusses the extension of ViewGen, an algorithm derived for belief ascription, to the areas of speech acts, intensional object representation and metaphor. ViewGen represents the beliefs of agents as explicit, partitioned proposition-sets known as environments. Environments are convenient, even essential, for addressing important pragmatic issues of rea-soning. The paper concentrates on showing that the transfer of information in metaphors, intensional object representation, and ordinary, non-metaphorical belief ascription can all be seen as different manifestations of a single environment-amalgamation process. The paper also briefly discusses the addition of a heuristic-based relevance-determination procedure to ViewGen, and justifies the partitioning approach to belief ascription. 1.
Metaphor comprehension: From comparison to categorization
- Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society
, 1999
"... In this paper, we explore the relationship between metaphor and polysemy. We begin by discussing how novel metaphoric mappings can create new word meanings in the form of domain-general representations. Turning next to consider the implications of this view for the on-line comprehension of figurativ ..."
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Cited by 16 (4 self)
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In this paper, we explore the relationship between metaphor and polysemy. We begin by discussing how novel metaphoric mappings can create new word meanings in the form of domain-general representations. Turning next to consider the implications of this view for the on-line comprehension of figurative language, we suggest that there is a shift from comparison processing to categorization processing as metaphors are conventionalized. Finally, we describe a series of experimental findings that support the proposed account.
Convention, Form, and Figurative Language Processing
"... There are 2 basic controversies concerning how metaphors are processed. First, are metaphoric mappings more akin to literal comparisons or to literal categorizations? And second, is metaphor comprehension indirect or direct? We believe that these controversies are more appqent than real and that a u ..."
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Cited by 13 (0 self)
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There are 2 basic controversies concerning how metaphors are processed. First, are metaphoric mappings more akin to literal comparisons or to literal categorizations? And second, is metaphor comprehension indirect or direct? We believe that these controversies are more appqent than real and that a unified theoretical framework can be offered that reconciles these opposing views. The central idea is that all metaphors involve structural alignment of the target and base domains. Whether these alignments are more akin to comparisons or to categorizations, and whether they are computed directly or indirectly, depends on 2 factors: the type of representation invoked by the base term and the linguistic form of the metaphor. Metaphors establish mappings between concepts from disparate domains of entity is described in terms of a complex electronic device. It is widely believed that metaphors are a major source of conceptual change. In the field of cognitive psychology, the computer metaphor resulted in a new way of conceptualizing the mind and has inspired researchers to postulate a vast array of mental constructs. Indeed, it has recently been claimed that metaphors may be the primary (if not the only) mechanism for reasoning with abstract concepts- metaphors allow us to structure vague or ambiguous ideas in terms of more concrete realms of experience (e.g.,
A Corpus-Based Analysis of Context Effects on Metaphor Comprehension
, 1994
"... This article describes our attempts to shed light on the relationship between laboratorybased research on the effects of context on metaphor and the nature of metaphor as it occurs in naturally occurring text. The specific hypothesis underlying this work is that the facilitation and inhibition ef ..."
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Cited by 10 (0 self)
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This article describes our attempts to shed light on the relationship between laboratorybased research on the effects of context on metaphor and the nature of metaphor as it occurs in naturally occurring text. The specific hypothesis underlying this work is that the facilitation and inhibition effects observed in laboratory subjects reflect the patterns of co-occurrence of various kinds of contexts with metaphoric language in the environment. We take a three part approach to exploring this hypothesis: a rational analysis of the notion of a context effect, an empirical corpus-based effort to fill out that rational analysis, and a reconsideration of the pertinent psycholinguistic results with respect to that analysis. Finally, we present a proposal for a mechanistic model that is in accord with the results of our analysis. 2 1 Introduction A wide variety of results from psycholinguistic research over the last several decades have shown that context has a strong effect on the ...
Analogy in problem solving
- Handbook of Practical Reasoning: Computational and Theoretical Aspects
, 1998
"... When Konrad Lorenz was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1973 he delivered the lecture "Analogy as a Source of Knowledge" and acknowledged that "...this procedure (analogical ..."
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Cited by 6 (0 self)
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When Konrad Lorenz was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1973 he delivered the lecture "Analogy as a Source of Knowledge" and acknowledged that "...this procedure (analogical
