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The wandering brain: Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of mind-wandering and related spontaneous thought processes. NeuroImage
, 2015
"... a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Accepted 17 February 2015 Available online 25 February 2015 The neural basis and cognitive functions of various spontaneous thought processes, particularly mind-wandering, are increasingly being investigated. Although strong links have been ..."
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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Accepted 17 February 2015 Available online 25 February 2015 The neural basis and cognitive functions of various spontaneous thought processes, particularly mind-wandering, are increasingly being investigated. Although strong links have been drawn between the occurrence of spontaneous thought processes and activation in brain regions comprising the default mode network (DMN), spontaneous thought also appears to recruit other, non-DMN regions just as consistently. Here we present the first quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of spontaneous thought and mind-wandering in order to address the question of their neural correlates. Examining 24 functional neuroimaging studies of spontaneous thought processes, we conducted a meta-analysis using activation likelihood estimation (ALE). A number of key DMN areas showed consistent recruitment across studies, including medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, medial temporal lobe, and bilateral inferior parietal lobule. Numerous non-DMN regions, however, were also consistently recruited, including rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, insula, temporopolar cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, and lingual gyrus. These meta-analytic results indicate that DMN activation alone is insufficient to adequately capture the neural basis of spontaneous thought; frontoparietal control network areas, and other non-DMN regions, appear to be equally central. We conclude that further progress in the cognitive and clinical neuroscience of spontaneous thought will therefore require a re-balancing of our view of the contributions of various regions and networks throughout the brain, and beyond the DMN.
Debiasing the mind through meditation: Mindfulness and the sunk-cost bias
- Psychological Science
, 2014
"... ..."
Book Reviews
"... Having popularised philosophical zombies in the 1970s, Nottingham University’s Robert Kirk now thinks it is past time to kill them off. But despatching the undead was never going to be easy. Zombies and Consciousness has two aims. First, Kirk hopes to show that the notion of a zombie — a person of f ..."
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Having popularised philosophical zombies in the 1970s, Nottingham University’s Robert Kirk now thinks it is past time to kill them off. But despatching the undead was never going to be easy. Zombies and Consciousness has two aims. First, Kirk hopes to show that the notion of a zombie — a person of flesh and blood but without the inner light of experience — lacks logical conceivability; it is incoherent and thus cannot be used as grounds for proposing a ‘Hard Problem ’ of consciousness. Second, he wants to go the next step and show that ordinary physicalism can completely account for consciousness. He identifies a set of psychological functions, each of which is plausibly physical in its causation and, when bundled together, should result in a conscious being with no further (mental or otherwise non-physical) aspects left dangling. Consciousness would be just the sum of these material activities and nothing more. The zombie story is that it is possible to imagine a creature which is
Metacognitive model of mindfulness
- Consciousness and cognition
, 2014
"... a b s t r a c t Mindfulness training has proven to be an efficacious therapeutic tool for a variety of clinical and nonclinical health problems and a booster of well-being. In this paper we propose a multi-level metacognitive model of mindfulness. We postulate and discuss following hypothesis: (1) ..."
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a b s t r a c t Mindfulness training has proven to be an efficacious therapeutic tool for a variety of clinical and nonclinical health problems and a booster of well-being. In this paper we propose a multi-level metacognitive model of mindfulness. We postulate and discuss following hypothesis: (1) mindfulness is related to the highest level of metacognition; (2) mindfulness depends on dynamic cooperation of three main components of the metacognition (metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive experiences and metacognitive skills); (3) a mindful meta-level is always conscious while the other meta-cognitive processes can occur implicitly; (4) intentionally practiced mindfulness decreases dissociations between awareness and meta-awareness; (5) components of mindful meta-level develop and change during continuous practice. The current model is discussed in the light of empirical data and other theoretical approaches to mindfulness concept. We believe that presented model provides some helpful avenues for future research and theoretical investigations into mindfulness and the mechanisms of its actions.
Approved by
, 2013
"... ii Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) is a useful method for controlling the timing of text presentations and studying how readers ’ characteristics, such as working memory (WM) and reading strategies for time allocation, influence text recall. In the current study a modified version of RSVP (M ..."
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ii Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) is a useful method for controlling the timing of text presentations and studying how readers ’ characteristics, such as working memory (WM) and reading strategies for time allocation, influence text recall. In the current study a modified version of RSVP (Moving Window RSVP, MW-RSVP) was used to induce longer pauses at the ends of clauses and ends of sentences when reading texts with multiple embedded clauses. In two experiments we studied if WM relates to allocation of time at end of clauses or sentences (EOC/S) in a self-paced reading task and in two MW-RSVP reading conditions (Constant MW-RSVP and Paused MW-RSVP) in which pauses were induced or the reading rate was kept constant. In experiment 1, we found an additive effect of WM and reading condition (MW-RSVP vs. self-paced) on text recall, but no effect of WM on the length of EOC/S pauses. In experiment 2, WM and the length of EOC/S pauses were related in that high-WM span readers were more affected by the restriction of time allocation in the MW-RSVP conditions, and that
Self-Doubt During Emerging Adulthood: The Conditional Mediating Influence of Mindfulness
"... Emerging adulthood (EA) is a critical time for identity exploration and making decisions regarding the future. Although most thrive, some emerging adults struggle with the prominent developmental features of this time. Little is known about factors that may positively influence development during EA ..."
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Emerging adulthood (EA) is a critical time for identity exploration and making decisions regarding the future. Although most thrive, some emerging adults struggle with the prominent developmental features of this time. Little is known about factors that may positively influence development during EA. This study examined the mediating impact of mindfulness on the relationship between normative emerging adult processes (identity exploration, experimentation/possibilities, negativity/instability, self-focus, and feeling in-between) and self-doubt, while simultaneously considering the moderating effect of age and gender. Using data from the EA Measured at Multiple Institutions project, reports from 1,293 participants were utilized. Mindfulness mediated the relationship between various aspects of development (negativity/instability, self-focus, and feeling in-between) and self-doubt with age and gender moderating aspects of these relationships. The findings highlight the importance of mindfulness during this important developmental period. Keywords
A Controlled Experiment to Evaluate the Effects of Mindfulness in Software Engineering
"... Context. Many reports support the fact that some psycho–social aspects of software engineers are key factors for the quality of the software development process and its resulting products. Based on the experience of some of the authors after more than a year of practising mindfulness—a meditation te ..."
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Context. Many reports support the fact that some psycho–social aspects of software engineers are key factors for the quality of the software development process and its resulting products. Based on the experience of some of the authors after more than a year of practising mindfulness—a meditation technique aimed to increase clearness of mind and awareness—we guessed that it could be in-teresting to empirically evaluate whether mindfulness affects posi-tively not only the behaviour but also the professional performance of software engineers. Goal. In this paper, we present a quasi–experiment carried out at the University of Seville to evaluate whether Software Engineer-ing & Information Systems students enhance their conceptual mod-elling skills after the continued daily practice of mindfulness during four weeks. Method. Students were divided into two groups: one group prac-tised mindfulness, and the other—the control group—were trained in public speaking. In order to study the possible cause–and–effect relationship, effectiveness (the rate of model elements correctly identified) and efficiency (the number of model elements correctly identified per unit of time) of the students developing conceptual modelling exercises were measured before and after taking the mind-fulness and public speaking sessions. Results. The experiment results have revealed that the students who practised mindfulness have become more efficient in develop-ing conceptual models than those who attended the public speaking sessions. With respect to effectiveness, some enhancement have been observed, although not as significant as in the case of effi-ciency. Conclusions. This rising trend in effectiveness suggests that the number of sessions could have been insufficient and that a longer period of sessions could have also enhanced effectiveness signifi-cantly.
Association for Psychological Science
"... sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0956797613503853 pss.sagepub.com ..."
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sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0956797613503853 pss.sagepub.com
Review The wandering brain: Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of mind-wandering and related spontaneous thought processes
"... The neural basis and cognitive functions of various spontaneous thought processes, particularlymind-wandering, are increasingly being investigated. Although strong links have been drawnbetween the occurrence of spontane-ous thought processes and activation in brain regions comprising thedefaultmode ..."
Abstract
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
The neural basis and cognitive functions of various spontaneous thought processes, particularlymind-wandering, are increasingly being investigated. Although strong links have been drawnbetween the occurrence of spontane-ous thought processes and activation in brain regions comprising thedefaultmode network (DMN), spontaneous thought also appears to recruit other, non-DMN regions just as consistently. Here we present the first quantita-tivemeta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of spontaneous thought andmind-wandering in order to address the question of their neural correlates. Examining 24 functional neuroimaging studies of spontaneous thought pro-cesses, we conducted a meta-analysis using activation likelihood estimation (ALE). A number of key DMN areas showed consistent recruitment across studies, including medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cor-tex,medial temporal lobe, and bilateral inferior parietal lobule. Numerous non-DMN regions, however, were also consistently recruited, including rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, insula, temporopolar cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, and lingual gyrus. These meta-analytic results indicate that DMN activation alone is insufficient to adequately capture the neural basis of spontaneous thought; frontoparietal control network areas, and other non-DMN regions, appear to be equally central. We conclude that further progress in the cognitive and clinical neuroscience of spontaneous thought will therefore require a re-balancing of our view of the contributions of various regions and networks throughout the brain, and beyond
