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...0) broaden and build model of positive emotions may be especially helpful here. She has argued that positive emotions388 EMMONS AND MCCULLOUGH broaden mindsets and build enduring personal resources (=-=Fredrickson, 1998-=-). These resources function as reserves to be drawn on in times of need. Seen in the light of this model, gratitude is effective in increasing well-being as it builds psychological, social, and spirit...

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...ith positive affect support the broaden-and-build theory, which asserts that positive emotions are evolved psychological adaptations that increased human ancestors’ odds of survival and reproduction (=-=Fredrickson, 1998-=-). The theory holds that unlike negative emotions, which narrow people’s behavioral urges toward specific actions that were life-preserving for human ancestors (e.g., fight, flight), positive emotions...

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... this is that intense emotional reactions interfere with higher order cognitive processing, making it difficult to think clearly. Although moderately positive states enhance creative problem solving (=-=Fredrickson, 1998-=-; Isen, 1993), extreme states—in either a positive or negative direction— are likely to reduce attention and impede processing (Easterbrook, 1959). Another reason that it is to people's advantage to r...

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...y signal and was likely to leadsto decreased vigilance and shallower processing of infor-smation compared with negative affect (for reviews, sees648 June 2000 • American PsychologistsAspinwall, 1998; =-=Fredrickson, 1998-=-). If this were the case,spositive affect would be maladaptive in the context ofschronic stress because it would counteract the adaptivesattentional and motivational effects of negative affect.sHoweve...

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...uals “bounce back” from stressful experiences quickly and effectively. Few studies, however, have provided empirical evidence for this theory. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (B. L. =-=Fredrickson, 1998-=-, 2001) is used as a framework for understanding psychological resilience. The authors used a multimethod approach in 3 studies to predict that resilient people use positive emotions to rebound from, ...

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...d return to a baseline, it is a positive rather than neutral one. A general tendency to experience positive emotions may provide the motivation to explore one’s environment and to approach new goals (=-=Fredrickson, 1998-=-). Lyubomirsky, King, and Diener (2005) showed that positive moods facilitate a variety of approach behaviors and positive outcomes. Thus, the ubiquity of a positive emotional set point, in concert wi...

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...r social networks, more positive and fewer negative interactions, and frequency of stressful events should be measured and tested in future studies. The potential that PA operates as a stress buffer (=-=Fredrickson 1998-=-), influencing the intensity of and recovery from stressful events, is also an area for future study. Conclusions Overall, we consider this literature provocative but not definitive. It does not unequ...

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...disconfirm the alternative explanation that the undoing effect reflects a simple replacement process. Findings are contextualized by Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions (B. L. =-=Fredrickson, 1998-=-). Positive emotions feel good. Plus, the balance of people’s positive and negative emotions contributes to their judgments of life satisfaction (Diener & Larsen, 1993). Beyond this, however, positive...

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... and are best at, and helping them find niches in which they can best live out these strengthsQ (p. 6). Thus, we are interested in how positive emotions evolve and how they can be developed and reinforced for maximum positive impact on leaders, followers and their organizations. 2.5. Authentic leadership and positive emotions Research suggests that positive emotions can predict positive human attitudes and behaviors, such as coping with adversity, commitment, satisfaction, stress, performance, and developing long-term plans and goals. For example, work by Fredrickson and her colleagues (e.g., Fredrickson, 1998, 2000, 2001; Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002; Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998) suggests that positive emotions broaden people’s thought action repertoires, encouraging them to discover novel lines of thought for action, and enable flexible and creative thinking. These authors argue that as individuals discover new ideas and actions, they build their physical, intellectual, social, and psychological reserves or resources. On a more pragmatic level, it has also been suggested that emotional awareness serves as a guide for fine-tuning on-the-job performance, including accurately gauging the feelings of ...