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151
Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition.
- Nature Review Neuroscience,
, 2006
"... Abstract | Social interaction is a cornerstone of human life, yet the neural mechanisms underlying social cognition are poorly understood. Recently, research that integrates approaches from neuroscience and social psychology has begun to shed light on these processes, and converging evidence from n ..."
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Cited by 388 (17 self)
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Abstract | Social interaction is a cornerstone of human life, yet the neural mechanisms underlying social cognition are poorly understood. Recently, research that integrates approaches from neuroscience and social psychology has begun to shed light on these processes, and converging evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests a unique role for the medial frontal cortex. We review the emerging literature that relates social cognition to the medial frontal cortex and, on the basis of anatomical and functional characteristics of this brain region, propose a theoretical model of medial frontal cortical function relevant to different aspects of social cognitive processing.
The neural basis of error detection: conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity
- Psychological Review
, 2004
"... According to a recent theory, anterior cingulate cortex is sensitive to response conflict, the coactivation of mutually incompatible responses. The present research develops this theory to provide a new account of the error-related negativity (ERN), a scalp potential observed following errors. Conne ..."
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Cited by 188 (11 self)
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According to a recent theory, anterior cingulate cortex is sensitive to response conflict, the coactivation of mutually incompatible responses. The present research develops this theory to provide a new account of the error-related negativity (ERN), a scalp potential observed following errors. Connectionist simulations of response conflict in an attentional task demonstrated that the ERN—its timing and sensitivity to task parameters—can be explained in terms of the conflict theory. A new experiment confirmed predictions of this theory regarding the ERN and a second scalp potential, the N2, that is proposed to reflect conflict monitoring on correct response trials. Further analysis of the simulation data indicated that errors can be detected reliably on the basis of post-error conflict. It is concluded that the ERN can be explained in terms of response conflict and that monitoring for conflict may provide a simple mechanism for detecting errors. Errors are an important source of information in the regulation of cognitive processes. The mechanism by which people detect and correct their errors has been the object of study for many years, but research interest has increased in recent years following the discovery of neural correlates of performance monitoring. In particular,
Boosting Bit Rates and Error Detection for the Classification of Fast-paced Motor Commands Based on Single-trial EEG Analysis
, 2003
"... Brain-Computer-Interfaces (BCI) involve two coupled adapting systems: the human subject and the computer. In developing our BCI, our goal was to minimize the need for subject training and to impose the major learning load on the computer. To this end, we use behavioral paradigms that exploit single- ..."
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Cited by 75 (25 self)
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Brain-Computer-Interfaces (BCI) involve two coupled adapting systems: the human subject and the computer. In developing our BCI, our goal was to minimize the need for subject training and to impose the major learning load on the computer. To this end, we use behavioral paradigms that exploit single-trial EEG potentials preceding voluntary nger movements. Here, we report recent results on the basic physiology of such pre-movement event-related potentials (ERP): 1) We predict the laterality of imminent left vs. right hand nger movements in a natural keyboard typing condition and demonstrate that a single-trial classi- cation based on the lateralized Bereitschaftspotential (BP) achieves good accuracies even at a pace as fast as 2 taps per second. Results for 4 out of 8 subjects reached a peak information transfer rate of more than 15 bits per minute (bpm); the 4 other subjects reached 6-10 bpm. 2) We detect cerebral error potentials from single false-response trials in a forced-choice task, reecting the subject's recognition of an erroneous response. Based on a specically tailored classi cation procedure that limits the rate of false positives at, e.g. 2 %, the algorithm manages to detect 85 % of error trials in 7/8 subjects. Thus, concatenating a primary single-trial BP-paradigm involving nger classication feedback with such secondary error detection could serve as an ecient on-line conrmation/correction tool for improvement of bit rates in a future BCI setting. As the present variant of the Berlin BCI (BBCI) is designed to achieve fast classications in normally behaving subjects, it opens a new perspective for assistance of action control in time-critical behavioral contexts; the potential transfer to paralysed patients will require further study.
To err is autonomic: error-related brain potentials, ANS activity, and post-error compensatory behavior
- Psychophysiology
, 2003
"... A two-component event-related brain potential consisting of an error-related negativity (ERN/Ne) and positivity (Pe) has been associated with response monitoring and error detection. Both the ERN and Pe have been source-localized to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)Fa frontal structure implicated ..."
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Cited by 62 (4 self)
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A two-component event-related brain potential consisting of an error-related negativity (ERN/Ne) and positivity (Pe) has been associated with response monitoring and error detection. Both the ERN and Pe have been source-localized to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)Fa frontal structure implicated in both cognitive and affective processing, aswell as autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation. The current study sought to examine the relationships among the ERN, the Pe, two autonomic measures, and behavior. Electroencephalogram (EEG), heart rate (HR), and skin conductance (SC) were recorded while subjects performed a two-choice reaction-time task. In addition to the characteristic ERN-Pe complex, errors were associatedwith larger SCRs and greaterHRdeceleration. The ERN correlatedwith the number of errors, but was unrelated to ANS activity and compensatory behavior. Pe, on the other hand, was correlated significantly with SCR, and both SCR and Pe were significantly correlated with post-error slowing. Descriptors: Error-related negativity (ERN), Event-related brain potential (ERP), Error processing, Heart rate (HR), Skin conductance response (SCR) The error-related negativity (ERN/Ne) and subsequent error positivity (Pe) is a two-component event-related brain potential (ERP) complex that has been associated with monitoring actions and detecting errors (Gehring, Coles, Meyer, & Donchin, 1990; Gehring & Fencsik, 2001; Hohnsbein, Falkenstein, & Hoorman, 1989). In speeded reaction-time tasks, the ERN is observed as a negative deflection at midline fronto-central recording sites (Fz, FCz, Cz) that begins when an incorrect response is initiated and peaks approximately 50–150 ms later (Dikman & Allen, 2000;
On the ERN and the significance of errors
- Psychophysiology
, 2005
"... The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related brain potential observed when subjects commit errors. To examine whether the ERN is sensitive to the value of errors, the motivational significance of errors wasmanipulated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, low and high monetary value errors ..."
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Cited by 51 (4 self)
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The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related brain potential observed when subjects commit errors. To examine whether the ERN is sensitive to the value of errors, the motivational significance of errors wasmanipulated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, low and high monetary value errors were compared to evaluate the effect of trial value on the ERN. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a flanker task both while their performance was being evaluated and during a control condition. Consistent with the notion that the error-detection system is sensitive to the significance of errors, the ERN was significantly larger on high-value trials in Experiment 1 and during evaluation in Experiment 2. There were no corresponding effects on the correct response negativity, and no behavioral differences between conditions were evident in either experiment. These results are discussed in terms of the functional role of the ERN in response monitoring. Descriptors:Motivation, Event-related potentials (ERPs), Error-related negativity (ERN), Ne, Value, Affect Effective action monitoring involves appropriate performance adjustments in terms of task demands, and a crucial component of this process is the ability to detect errors and adjust per-formance accordingly (Falkenstein, Hoormann, Christ, & Hohnsbein, 2000). Studies that measure response-locked event-related brain potentials (ERPs) have described fronto-centrally maximal negative components that appear relevant to response monitoring. Perhaps most notably, when subjects make a mis-take, the response-locked ERP at fronto-central recording sites is characterized by a negative deflection known as the error-related negativity (ERN or Ne) that peaks approximately 50 ms post-
Neural mechanisms involved in error processing: a comparison of errors made with and without awareness
- Neuroimage
, 2005
"... The ability to detect an error in one’s own performance and then to improve ongoing performance based on this error processing is critical for effective behaviour. In our event-related fMRI experiment, we show that explicit awareness of a response inhibition commission error and subsequent post-erro ..."
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Cited by 39 (6 self)
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The ability to detect an error in one’s own performance and then to improve ongoing performance based on this error processing is critical for effective behaviour. In our event-related fMRI experiment, we show that explicit awareness of a response inhibition commission error and subsequent post-error behaviour were associated with bilateral prefrontal and parietal brain activation. Activity in the anterior cingulate region, typically associated with error detection, was equivalent for both errors subjects were aware of and those they were not aware of making. While anterior cingulate activation has repeatedly been associated with error-related processing, these results suggest that, in isolation, it is not sufficient for conscious awareness of errors or post-error adaptation of response strategies. Instead, it appears, irrespective of awareness, to detect information about stimuli/ responses that requires interpretation in other brain regions for strategic implementation of post-error adjustments of behaviour.
Social cognition in humans
- Current Biology
, 2007
"... much quoted to show the powerful effects, the gener-alisation and the persistence of classical conditioning. But one of the critical advantages of being a social, rather than a solitary, animal is that we can learn about the world thorough the experience of other people without needing to have first ..."
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Cited by 36 (0 self)
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much quoted to show the powerful effects, the gener-alisation and the persistence of classical conditioning. But one of the critical advantages of being a social, rather than a solitary, animal is that we can learn about the world thorough the experience of other people without needing to have first hand experience. Social
Dissociable components of error processing: On the functional significance of the Pe vis-à-vis the ERN/Ne.
- Journal of Psychophysiology,
, 2005
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Errors are foreshadowed in brain potentials associated with action monitoring in cingulate cortex in humans. Neuroscience Letters,
, 2003
"... Abstract Previous studies have reported electrophysiological brain activity that is modulated when subjects commit errors in speeded reaction time tasks. This activity is thought to index an action monitoring system in anterior cingulate cortex that signals the need for performance adjustments to m ..."
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Cited by 27 (2 self)
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Abstract Previous studies have reported electrophysiological brain activity that is modulated when subjects commit errors in speeded reaction time tasks. This activity is thought to index an action monitoring system in anterior cingulate cortex that signals the need for performance adjustments to minimize the risk of future errors. Consistent with this view, we report here that performance errors are foreshadowed in a modulation of this brain activity on the immediately preceding trial. We propose that this modulation reflects fluctuations in the efficiency of the action monitoring system, which may occasionally compromise subsequent performance and thus comprise a prelude to performance errors. q 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Anterior cingulate cortex; Action monitoring; Performance errors; Performance adjustment; Monitor lapses; Event-related potential; Error-related negativity; Error-preceding positivity Adequate adaptive performance in cognitive tasks requires continuous monitoring for the need to adjust performance strategies and executive control We tested the hypothesis that fluctuations in the amplitude of the event-related potential in the ERN time window following correct responses are reflected in subsequent performance. We hypothesized that such trial-0304-3940/03/$ -see front matter q
