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Submitted Short-term memory for facial identity and emotion
"... For some time the relationship between processing of facial expression and facial identity has been in dispute. We re-examined this relationship and evaluated whether the same relationship characterized both perception and short-term memory. In three experiments we examined perception and memory for ..."
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For some time the relationship between processing of facial expression and facial identity has been in dispute. We re-examined this relationship and evaluated whether the same relationship characterized both perception and short-term memory. In three experiments we examined perception and memory for realistic, synthetic human faces. Experiment 1 used subjects ’ judgments to identify, from a large library of synthetic faces, a set of 60 faces that were best recognized as expressing particular categories of emotion. Experiment 2 used the selected faces in a short-term recognition task. Subjects had to identify whether the emotional expression on a probe stimulus face matched the emotional expression on either of two study faces. Results showed that identity strongly influenced recognition of emotional expression. Multidimensional scaling of similarity/dissimilarity judgments in Experiment 3 produced a 2dimensional description of the faces ’ perceptual representation. Distances among stimuli in the MDS representation, which showed a strong linkage of emotional expression and facial identity, proved to be good predictors of correct and false recognitions in Experiment 2. The convergence of results from Experiments 2 and 3 suggests that
Recognition and position information
"... In three experiments, we examined connections between item-recognition memory and memory for itemposition information. With sequences of compound gratings as study and probe items, subjects made either itemposition judgments (Experiments 1 and 2), by identifying the serial position of the study item ..."
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In three experiments, we examined connections between item-recognition memory and memory for itemposition information. With sequences of compound gratings as study and probe items, subjects made either itemposition judgments (Experiments 1 and 2), by identifying the serial position of the study item that matched the probe, or recognition judgments (Experiment 3), by judging whether the probe had or had not been presented in the study series. Integrating a summed-similarity account of recognition into a signal detection framework shows that the variance of summed similarities on lure trials (probe not present in the study series) exceeds the variance on target trials (probe present in the study series). This prediction is borne out by the empirical zROC functions, all of which had slopes that were greater than 1. Additionally, about 25 % of correct recognitions were accompanied by incorrect item position identification. Misidentifications of item position arose from two sources—structural similarity and positional similarity—which combined in an approximately additive fashion. Working within a framework of exemplar-similarity
Memory & Cognition
"... doi:10.3758/MC.37.8.1088 A task-irrelevant stimulus attribute affects perception and short-term memory JIE HUANG ..."
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doi:10.3758/MC.37.8.1088 A task-irrelevant stimulus attribute affects perception and short-term memory JIE HUANG
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"... The international community has instructed its member nations to frown upon smiles. By convention, the photo in any new passport must show the passport’s bearer unsmil-ing, with lips pressed together and an expression whose neutrality is beyond question. This convention is meant to aid automated fac ..."
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The international community has instructed its member nations to frown upon smiles. By convention, the photo in any new passport must show the passport’s bearer unsmil-ing, with lips pressed together and an expression whose neutrality is beyond question. This convention is meant to aid automated facial recognition technology that is used to protect against identity fraud or terrorism. Smiles and other emotional expressions are frowned upon because they alter the geometry of key facial features and could subvert an automated biometric system’s ability to match the passport photo to the traveler’s own face. So, as far as the automated biometric system is concerned, facial expression and identity are inextricably linked. Although biometric recognition systems link facial identity and facial expression, human observers seem not always to follow suit. In fact, independence of fa-cial identification from other aspects of face processing was a keystone of Bruce and Young’s (1986) influential account of face recognition. That account describes the face recognition system as comprising (1) a module spe-cialized for recognizing identity (the individual to whom the face belongs) and (2) a module specialized for ana-lyzing the face’s expression (the emotion that the face is expressing). The perceptual modularity of these two processes has been supported by a number of studies. For example, prosopagnosia, or face blindness, sometimes impairs a pa-tient’s ability to determine somebody’s identity from their face alone, while leaving recognition of facial emotion
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, 2008
"... To my family, especially my parents, brother, and sister. I am very grateful that my parents let me choose my own path, while still supporting me at every point along the way. Although there was a large ocean separating us, they were always there when I needed them. iii Acknowledgements First and fo ..."
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To my family, especially my parents, brother, and sister. I am very grateful that my parents let me choose my own path, while still supporting me at every point along the way. Although there was a large ocean separating us, they were always there when I needed them. iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I am very grateful to my advisor and mentor, Mike Kahana, who was al-ways full of excitement and inspiration. He not only taught the process scientific research, but also all the other aspects of the trade, including writing grants, networking, and men-toring. When I started, I had never done psychology experiments, signal processing, run matlab. Mike turned me into what I am now. Whenever I felt discouraged, he would help me regain confidence in myself and in what I was doing. It has also been a tremendous joy to work in the Computational Memory Lab, sharing all the disappointment and excitement. The lab members almost feel like a family to me and I am looking forward to continue meeting them again and again at conferences. Special thanks go out to Per Sederberg, Sean Polyn, Christoph Weidemann, Jeremy Caplan, and Josh Jacobs for wonderful collaborations and discussions. I would also like to thank the clinical staff and the patients for making it possible for me to collect my intracranial EEG data. Special thanks in this regard go out to Dr. Brian Litt, Dr. Andreas Schulze-Bonhage, and Armin Brandt. I should also not forget to mention Dr. Amishi Jha, with whom it was a pleasure to collaborate. I very much enjoyed the numerous conversations we have had about a wide range of topics. Finally, of course I want to thank my family, and all the wonderful friends I have made here for simply being there, and for making my life much richer. I could not have walked the path of obtaining a PhD without all of you. iv
unknown title
"... Kahana and Sekuler (2002) developed a computational model that successfully accounts for short-term recogni-tion memory with low-dimensional stimuli, compound sinusoidal gratings whose spatial frequency and phase vary. Building on Nosofsky’s (1984, 1986) generalized context model (GCM), Kahana and S ..."
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Kahana and Sekuler (2002) developed a computational model that successfully accounts for short-term recogni-tion memory with low-dimensional stimuli, compound sinusoidal gratings whose spatial frequency and phase vary. Building on Nosofsky’s (1984, 1986) generalized context model (GCM), Kahana and Sekuler’s noisy ex-emplar model (NEMO) combines core aspects of GCM with new key assumptions. NEMO follows the tradition of multidimensional signal detection theory (e.g., Ashby & Maddox, 1998) in assuming that stimulus representations are coded in a noisy manner, with different levels of noise associated with various dimensions. NEMO augments the summed-similarity framework of item recognition (Clark & Gronlund, 1996; Humphreys, Pike, Bain, & Tehan, 1989; Nosofsky, 1991, 1992) with the idea that recogni-tion decisions are influenced not only by probe-to-list-item similarity, but also by the similarity of list items to one another, a variable that is called within-list homogene-ity. Specifically, subjects appear to interpret probe-to-list similarity in light of within-list homogeneity, with greater homogeneity leading to a greater tendency to reject lures that are similar to one or more of the studied items. This impact of within-list homogeneity has been confirmed by Nosofsky and Kantner (2006), using color patches as stimuli, and by Kahana, Zhou, Geller, and Sekuler (2007), using compound gratings that were adjusted to reflect in-dividual subjects ’ visual thresholds. In contrast to compound sinusoidal gratings, essential aspects of visual processing of human faces take place several synapses beyond the primary visual cortex (Lof-
unknown title
"... 1975) procedure to study episodic recognition memory for series of textures, which were created by linearly summing sinusoidal gratings. This adaptation made it possible to quantify and characterize interference in memory among successively presented stimuli. Unlike semantically rich stimuli, such a ..."
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1975) procedure to study episodic recognition memory for series of textures, which were created by linearly summing sinusoidal gratings. This adaptation made it possible to quantify and characterize interference in memory among successively presented stimuli. Unlike semantically rich stimuli, such as words or images of recognizable and name-able objects, multidimensional textures are not burdened by the complexities of extralaboratory associations, and they resist symbolic coding (Della-Maggiore et al., 2000; Hwang et al., 2005). Because of their well-defined, natu-ral metric representations in a low- dimensional space (Ka-hana & Bennett, 1994), compound grating stimuli facili-tate manipulation of interitem similarity relations, which are important determinants of visual episodic recognition
Trial-to-trial carry-over of item- and relational-information in
"... auditory short-term memory ..."
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