The dynamics of many calculi can be most clearly defined by a reduction semantics. To work with a calculus, however, an understanding of operational congruences is fundamental; these can often be given tractable definitions or characterisations using a labelled transition semantics. This paper considers calculi with arbitrary reduction semantics of three simple classes, firstly ground term rewriting, then left-linear term rewriting, and then a class which is essentially the action calculi lacking substantive name binding. General definitions of labelled transitions are given in each case, uniformly in the set of rewrite rules, and without requiring the prescription of additional notions of observation. They give rise to bisimulation congruences. As a test of the theory it is shown that bisimulation for a fragment of CCS is recovered. The transitions generated for a fragment of the Ambient Calculus of Cardelli and Gordon, and for SKI combinators, are also discussed briefly.

An interpretation of Abadi and Cardelli's first-order Imperative Object Calculus into a typed pi-calculus is presented. The interpretation validates the subtyping relation and the typing judgements of the Object Calculus, and is computationally adequate. The proof of computational adequacy makes use of (a pi-calculus version) of ready simulation, and of a factorisation of the interpretation into a functional part and a very simple imperative part. The interpretation can be used to compare and contrast the Imperative and the Functional Object Calculi, and to prove properties about them, within a unified framework.

We present a bisimulation method for proving the contextual equivalence of packages in λ-calculus with full existential and recursive types. Unlike traditional logical relations (either semantic or syntactic), our development is “elementary, ” using only sets and relations and avoiding advanced machinery such as domain theory, admissibility, and ⊤⊤-closure. Unlike other bisimulations, ours is complete even for existential types. The key idea is to consider sets of relations—instead of just relations—as bisimulations.

In this paper we describe the promoted tyft/tyxt rule format for defining higher-order languages. The rule format is a generalization of Groote and Vaandrager 's tyft/tyxt format in which terms are allowed as labels on transitions in rules. We prove that bisimulation is a congruence for any language defined in promoted tyft/tyxt format and demonstrate the usefulness of the rule format by presenting promoted tyft/tyxt definitions for the lazy -calculus, CHOCS and the ß-calculus. 1 Introduction For a programming language definition that uses bisimulation as the notion of equivalence, it is desirable for the bisimulation relation to be compatible with the language constructs; i.e. that bisimulation be a congruence. Several rule formats have been defined, so that as long as a definition satisfies certain syntactic constraints, then the defined bisimulation relation is guaranteed to be a congruence. However these rule formats have not been widely used for defining languages with higher-...

This paper provides a fully abstract semantics for a variant of the concurrent object calculus. We define may testing for concurrent object components and then characterise it using a trace semantics inspired by UML interaction diagrams. The main result of this paper is to show that the trace semantics is fully abstract for may testing. This is the first such result for a concurrent object language. 1.

We adopt the untyped imperative object calculus of Abadi and Cardelli as a minimal setting in which to study problems of compilation and program equivalence that arise when compiling objectoriented languages. We present both a big-step and a small-step substitution-based operational semantics for the calculus. Our rst two results are theorems asserting the equivalence of our substitutionbased semantics with a closure-based semantics like that given by Abadi and Cardelli. Our third result is a direct proof of the correctness of compilation to a stack-based abstract machine via a small-step decompilation algorithm. Our fourth result is that contextual equivalence of objects coincides with a form of Mason and Talcott's CIU equivalence; the latter provides a tractable means of establishing operational equivalences. Finally, we prove correct an algorithm, used in our prototype compiler, for statically resolving method osets. This is the rst study of correctness of an object-oriented abstract machine, and of operational equivalence for the imperative object calculus.

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The object calculus of Abadi and Cardelli [AC96, AC94b, AC94a] is intended as model of central aspects of object-oriented programming languages. In this paper we encode the object calculus in the asynchronous pi-calculus without matching and investigate the properties of our encoding.

We give a simple characterization of convergent terms in Abadi and Cardelli untyped Object Calculus (&-calculus) via intersection types. We consider a -calculus with records and its intersection type assignment system. We prove that convergent -terms are characterized by their types. The characterization is then inherited by the object calculus via self-application interpretation.

In this paper we study a notion of operational equivalence for interaction nets, following the recent success of applying methods based on bisimulation to functional and object oriented programming languages. We set up notions of contextual equivalence and bisimilarity and show that they coincide. A coinduction principle then gives a simple and robust way of showing when two interaction nets are contextually equivalent. We include several examples to demonstrate the usefulness of the approach, in particular for optimizing interaction nets. 1 Introduction One of the most fundamental notions in programming languages is that of program equivalence: when can one program fragment be replaced by another. A notion of equivalence should be substitutive so that programs remain equivalent in all contexts. Amongst other applications, this facilitates proving properties of programs, and gives a sound basis for program optimization. Interaction nets provide an interesting new perspective as both a...