This chapter provides an introduction to case-based reasoning, discusses motivations for CBR, and describes the central steps in the CBR process. It examines the relationship of CBR to other approaches and discusses major research areas, open issues, and promising opportunities for CBR. It surveys and relates numerous approaches within CBR and provides more than 150 references to international CBR research.

Officer praised dog for barking at object." Enables Detect Drugs out FK Initiates Retrieval 5 6 Missing Figure 10. Forgetting to fill the tank with gas A=actual intention; E=expectation; Q=question; C=context; I=index; G=goal Tank Out of Gas Tank Full Tank Low Fill Tank Should have filled up with gas when tank low Expectation What Action to Do? KEY: G = goal; I = index; C = context; Q = question; E = expectation; A = actual intention Results At Store connections with related concepts. Other learning goals take multiple arguments. For instance, a knowledge differentiation goal (Cox & Ram, 1995) is a goal to determine a change in a body of knowledge such that two items are separated conceptually. In contrast, a knowledge reconciliation goal (Cox & Ram, 1995) is one that seeks to merge two items that were mistakenly considered separate entities. Both expansion goals and reconciliation goals may include or spawn a knowledge organization goal (Ram, 1993) that seeks to reorganize the existing knowledge so that it is made available to the reasoner at the appropriate time, as well as modify the structure or content of a concept itself. Such reorganization of knowledge affects the conditions under which a particular piece of knowledge is retrieved or the kinds of indexes associated with an item in memory.

Case-based reasoning systems have traditionally been used to perform high-level reasoning in problem domains that can be adequately described using discrete, symbolic representations. However, many real-world problem domains, such as autonomous robotic navigation, are better characterized using continuous representations. Such problem domains also require continuous performance, such as online sensorimotor interaction with the environment, and continuous adaptation and learning during the performance task. This article introduces a new method for continuous case-based reasoning, and discusses its application to the dynamic selection, modification, and acquisition of robot behaviors in an autonomous navigation system, SINS (Self-Improving Navigation System). The computer program and the underlying method are systematically evaluated through statistical analysis of results from several empirical studies. The article concludes with a general discussion of case-based reasoning issues addr...

Creative conceptual change involves (a) the construction of new concepts and of coherent belief systems, or theories, relating these concepts, and (b) the modification and extrapolation of existing concepts and theories in novel situations. We discuss these and other types of conceptual change, and present computational models of constructive and extrapolative processes in creative conceptual change. The models have been implemented as computer programs in two very different task domains, autonomous robotic navigation and fictional story understanding. Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Case studies in creative conceptual change 4 3 Constructive conceptual change 6 4 Technical details: The SINS system 9 4.1 Task: Autonomous robotic navigation : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 9 4.2 Representation: Continuous prototypical cases : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 13 4.3 Process: Concept construction and modification : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 17 4.4 Discussion: Construc...

Successful creative understanding requires that a reasoner be able to manipulateknown conceptsin order to understandnovel ones. A major problem arises, however, when one considers exactly how these manipulations are to be bounded. If a bound is imposed which is too loose, the reasoner is likely to create bizarre understandings rather than useful creative ones. On the other hand, if the bound is too tight, the reasoner will not have the flexibility needed to deal with a wide range of creative understanding experiences. Our approach is to make use of a principled ontology as one source of reasonable bounding. This allows our creative understanding theory to have good explanatory power about the process while allowing the computer implementation of the theory (the ISAAC system) to be flexible without being bizarre in the task domain of reading science fiction short stories. Introduction Over the last several years, we have been developing a functional theory of creative reading (see, e.g...

Reading has been studied for decades by a variety of cognitive disciplines, yet no theories exist which sufficiently describe and explain how people accomplish the complete task of reading real-world texts. In particular, a type of knowledge intensive reading known as creative reading has been largely ignored by the past research. We argue that creative reading is an aspect of practically all reading experiences; as a result, any theory which overlooks this will be insufficient. We have built on results from psychology, artificial intelligence, and education in order to produce a functional theory of the complete reading process. The overall framework describes the set of tasks necessary for reading to be performed. Within this framework, we have developed a theory of creative reading. The theory is implemented in the ISAAC (Integrated Story Analysis And Creativity) system, a reading system which reads science fiction stories. Introduction Researchers from psychology, education, and ...

. This paper investigates memory issues that influence longterm creative problem solving and design activity, taking a case-based reasoning perspective. Our exploration is based on a well-documented example: the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell. We abstract Bell's reasoning and understanding mechanisms that appear time and again in long-term creative design. We identify that the understanding mechanism is responsible for analogical anticipation of design constraints and analogical evaluation, beside case-based design. But an already understood design can satisfy opportunistically suspended design problems, still active in background. The new mechanisms are integrated in a computational model, ALEC 1 , that accounts for some creative behavior in case-based design. 1 Introduction This paper investigates memory mechanisms that influence long-term creative problem solving and design activity, from a case-based reasoning (CBR) (Kolodner [10]) perspective, by integratin...

We review Margaret Boden's book The Creative Mind, an excellent survey and synthesis of current computational theories of creativity. Boden's stated goal is to explain how creativity (as a psychological phenomenon) is possible, where an explanation of possibility is taken to be a computational process. Although Boden does not deliver a full-fledged computational explanation and leaves most details of the underlying processes unexplicated, she provides a strong argument that such an explanation is possible. As part of our critique, we sketch our preferred (case-based) framework for modeling creativity, in which much of mental life depends on the retrieval and manipulation of past experiences. We focus on five major influences on cognition (and thus on creativity) : inference, knowledge, task, situation, and strategic control. We also highlight "constructive modeling" which integrates analogical reasoning with visual reasoning and thought experimentation. Our framework, while broadly com...