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196
Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2000
"... The authors present an overview of the neural bases of emotion. They underscore the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 2 broad approach- and withdrawal-related motion systems. Components and measures of affective style are identified. Emphasis is given to affective chronometry and a ..."
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Cited by 176 (15 self)
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The authors present an overview of the neural bases of emotion. They underscore the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 2 broad approach- and withdrawal-related motion systems. Components and measures of affective style are identified. Emphasis is given to affective chronometry and a role for the PFC in this process is proposed. Plasticity in the central circuitry of emotion is considered, and implications of data showing experience-induced changes in the hippocampus for understanding psychopathology and stress-related symptoms are discussed. Two key forms of affective plasticity are described--context and regulation. A role for the hippocampus in context-dependent normal and dysfunctional erootional responding is proposed. Finally, implications of these data for understanding the impact on neural circuitry of interventions topromote positive affect and on mecha-nisms that govern health and disease are considered. Biobehavioral scientists are increasingly recognizing the impor-tance of emotion for the fundamental tasks of survival and adap-tation (A. R. Damasio, 1994; Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Pinker, 1997). Emotion facilitates decision making, has significant influ-ence on learning and memory, and provides the motivation for critical action in the face of environmental incentives. Emotion is also the stuff of individual differences. It is a key component, if not the major ingredient, for many of the fundamental dimensions of personality and vulnerability factors that govern risk for psycho-pathology (see Davidson, Abercrombie, Nitschke, & Putnam, 1999). Some of the most impressive vidence for brain plasticity is emotional learning (LeDoux, 1996). Plasticity in the neural cir-cuitry underlying emotion is also likely to play an important role in understanding the impact of early environmental factors in influencing later individual differences and risk for psychopathol-ogy (Meaney et al., 1996). Moreover, plasticity in the neural circuitry underlying emotion can be recruited for therapeutic
The Duchenne smile: emotional expression and brain physiology
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1990
"... Facial expression, EEG, and self-report of subjective emotional experience were recorded while sub-jects individually watched both pleasant and unpleasant films. Smiling in which the muscle that orbits the eye is active in addition to the muscle that pulls the lip corners up (the Duchenne smile) was ..."
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Cited by 173 (4 self)
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Facial expression, EEG, and self-report of subjective emotional experience were recorded while sub-jects individually watched both pleasant and unpleasant films. Smiling in which the muscle that orbits the eye is active in addition to the muscle that pulls the lip corners up (the Duchenne smile) was compared with other smiling in which the muscle orbiting the eye was not active. As predicted, the Duchenne smile was related to enjoyment in terms of occurring more often during the pleasant than the unpleasant films, in measures of cerebral asymmetry, and in relation to subjective reports of positive emotions, and other smiling was not. In the introduction to his book The Expression of the Emo-tions in Man and Animals (1872/1955), Darwin described his indebtedness to the French anatomist Duchenne de Boulogne, who had published his Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine 10 years earlier, in 1862. Darwin explained how Duchenne analyses by means of electricity, and illustrates by magnificent pho-tographs, the movements of the facial muscles.... No one has more carefully studied the contraction of each separate muscle,
Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience
- Cognition and Emotion
"... Individual diffe rences in emotional reactivity or affective style can be fruitfully decomposed into more elementary constituents. Several separable features of affe ctive style are identi ® ed such as the threshold for reactivity, the peak amplitude of response, the rise time to peak and the recove ..."
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Cited by 169 (16 self)
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Individual diffe rences in emotional reactivity or affective style can be fruitfully decomposed into more elementary constituents. Several separable features of affe ctive style are identi ® ed such as the threshold for reactivity, the peak amplitude of response, the rise time to peak and the recovery time. The latter two characteristics constitute components of affec tive chronome-try. The circuitry that underlies two fundamental forms of motivation and emotionÐ approach and withdrawal-related processes Ð is described. Data on individual differences in functional activity in certain components of these circuits are next reviewed, with an emphasis on the nomological network of associations surrounding individual differences in asymmetric prefrontal activation. The relevance of such differences for understanding the nature of the affective dysfunction in affective disorders is then considered. The article ends by considering what the prefrontal cortex ` ̀ does ’ ’ in certain components of affective style and highlights some of the important ques-tions for future research. I.
gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: a metaanalysis of findings from neuroimaging
- NeuroImage
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Embarrassment: Its distinct form and appeasement functions
- Psychological Bulletin
, 1997
"... The authors address 2 questions about embarrassment. First, Is embarrassment a distinct emotion? The evidence indicates that the antecedents, experience, and display of embarrassment, and to a limited extent its autonomic physiology, are distinct from shame, guilt, and amusement and share the dynami ..."
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Cited by 106 (19 self)
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The authors address 2 questions about embarrassment. First, Is embarrassment a distinct emotion? The evidence indicates that the antecedents, experience, and display of embarrassment, and to a limited extent its autonomic physiology, are distinct from shame, guilt, and amusement and share the dynamic, temporal characteristics of emotion. Second, What are the theoretical accounts of embarrassment? Three accounts focus on the causes of embarrassment, positing that it follows the loss of self-esteem, concern for others ' evaluations, or absence of scripts to guide interactions. A fourth account focuses on the effects of the remedial actions of embarrassment, which correct preceding transgressions. A fifth account focuses on the functional parallels between embarrassment and nonhuman appeasement. The discussion focuses on unanswered questions about embarrassment. Embarrassment is not an irrational impulse breaking through socially prescribed behavior but part of this orderly behavior itself. (Goffman, 1956, pp. 270-271) Embarrassment has a checkered history in the social sciences. For certain theorists, embarrassment is woven into the very fabric of harmonious social relations, serving as an emotional mechanism that enables people to maintain the stability of moral communities in the seemingly ordinary interactions of quotidian life (Goffman, 1967; Miller & Leary, 1992; Scheff, 1988). People's experience and display of embarrassment, from this perspective, play a critical role in socialization practices, such as teasing and punishment, the motivation of moral behavior and conformity, the development of the conscience, and the negotiation of social roles and status (Ausubel, 1955; Clark,
Left frontal hypoactivation in depression
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
, 1991
"... Baseline resting electroencephalogram activity was recorded with 3 different reference montages from 15 clinically depressed and 13 control subjects. Power in all frequency bands was extracted by fast Fourier transformation. There was a significant Group • Hemisphere interaction i the mid-frontal re ..."
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Cited by 102 (11 self)
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Baseline resting electroencephalogram activity was recorded with 3 different reference montages from 15 clinically depressed and 13 control subjects. Power in all frequency bands was extracted by fast Fourier transformation. There was a significant Group • Hemisphere interaction i the mid-frontal region, for the alpha band power only. Depressed subjects had less left-sided activation (i.e., more alpha activity) than did normal control subjects. This pattern of diminished left-sided frontal activation is interpreted as indicating a deficit in approach mechanisms in depressed subjects. Many reports that indicate that depression isassociated with a disruption of the normal pattern of cerebral laterality have recently appeared. This evidence comes from a number of dif-ferent areas (for reviews, see Davidson, 1984,1987; Silberman & Weingartner, 1986; Tucker, 198 l). Investigations of mood dis-turbances in epileptics have found that left-sided epileptogenic lesions were associated with significantly higher levels of de-pression and anxiety than right-sided lesions (e.g., Perini & Mendius, 1984). Gainotti (1972) investigated stroke-induced le-sions and reported that left-hemisphere lesions were associated with tears and anxiety whereas ubjects with right-hemisphere lesions exhibited indifference and joking. Sackeim et al's (1982) review of cases of pathological laughing and pathological cry-ing showed that left-hemisphere lesions were more prevalent in cases of pathological crying whereas pathological laughing was more often associated with right-hemisphere lesions. Other re-searchers have administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Person-ality Inventory to subjects with unilateral brain lesions and found that subjects with left-hemisphere lesions had significant elevations on the depression subscale whereas ubjects who had lesions in the right hemisphere did not (e.g., Black, 1975; Gas-
Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system
- Emotion
, 2004
"... Does the behavioral approach system (BAS) relate to the experience of any negative affects, or are all negative affects tied to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)? In Study 1, self-reported Fun Seeking predicted reports of greater frustration and sadness after frustrative nonreward. In Study 2, ..."
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Cited by 100 (14 self)
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Does the behavioral approach system (BAS) relate to the experience of any negative affects, or are all negative affects tied to the behavioral inhibition system (BIS)? In Study 1, self-reported Fun Seeking predicted reports of greater frustration and sadness after frustrative nonreward. In Study 2, self-reported Reward Responsiveness predicted reports of greater anger in response to scenarios. In Study 3, self-reported Drive predicted reports of greater anger after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In no case did BIS sensitivity contribute uniquely to these affects, though BIS predicted nervousness in Study 2 and fear in Study 3. Discussion focuses on the role of frustration and anger in effortful pursuit of goals and depressed affect in disengagement from goals. Preparation of this article was facilitated by National Cancer Institute Grants CA64710, CA78995, and CA84944. My thanks to Walter Scott for consultation during the development of the anger-eliciting scenarios and to Björn Meyer and Sheri Johnson for comments on earlier versions of this article. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed
Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2009
"... The authors review a range of evidence concerning the motivational underpinnings of anger as an affect, with particular reference to the relationship between anger and anxiety or fear. The evidence supports the view that anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety ..."
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Cited by 91 (18 self)
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The authors review a range of evidence concerning the motivational underpinnings of anger as an affect, with particular reference to the relationship between anger and anxiety or fear. The evidence supports the view that anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety relates to an aversive or avoidance motivational system. This evidence appears to have 2 implications. One implication concerns the nature of anterior cortical asymmetry effects. The evidence suggests that such asymmetry reflects direction of motivational engagement (approach vs. withdrawal) rather than affective valence. The other implication concerns the idea that affects form a purely positive dimension and a purely negative dimension, which reflect the operation of appetitive and aversive motivational systems, respectively. The evidence reviewed does not support that view. The evidence is, however, consistent with a discrete-emotions view (which does not rely on dimensionality) and with an alternative dimensional approach.
Anxiety and affective style: role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala
- Biological Psychiatry
, 2002
"... This article reviews the modern literature on two key aspects of the central circuitry of emotion: the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala. There are several differ-ent functional divisions of the PFC, including the dorso-lateral, ventromedial, and orbital sectors. Each of these regions plays s ..."
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Cited by 88 (3 self)
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This article reviews the modern literature on two key aspects of the central circuitry of emotion: the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala. There are several differ-ent functional divisions of the PFC, including the dorso-lateral, ventromedial, and orbital sectors. Each of these regions plays some role in affective processing that shares the feature of representing affect in the absence of imme-diate rewards and punishments as well as in different aspects of emotional regulation. The amygdala appears to be crucial for the learning of new stimulus–threat contin-gencies and also appears to be important in the expression of cue-specific fear. Individual differences in both tonic activation and phasic reactivity in this circuit play an important role in governing different aspects of anxiety. Emphasis is placed on affective chronometry, or the time course of emotional responding, as a key attribute of individual differences in propensity for anxiety that is regulated by this circuitry. Biol Psychiatry 2002;51: