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...03), as well as aid in the recovery of motor skills after physical trauma (Taylor & Berry, 1998). In fact, some have explicitly argued that video games should be considered as platforms for learning (=-=Gee, 2003-=-). What are MMORPGs? Both lines of above research have mostly relied on single-player games, but as the ubiquity of high-speed internet connections and powerful computer processors have increased with...

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...player must have and develop certain skills, both motor and cognitive, in order to engage in gameplay. It is widely acknowledged that digital gameplay experiences are based on learning and rehearsing =-=[12, 18]-=-, and according to Grodal [13] it is the aesthetic of repetition that characterises pleasures of game playing. In the first encounter with a new game the player experiences unfamiliarity and challenge...

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...rn through a grammar of doing and being. Until recently, there has been little study of the medium or of the implications of its attendant social NOVEMBER 2006 19structures for formal education (see =-=Gee, 2003-=-; McFarlane, Sparrowhawk, & Heald, 2002; Squire, 2004; Steinkuehler, in press a). However, “serious” games, or games used for purposes other than entertainment, are entering most public spheres and ar...

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... interviews, players often referred to “trial and error” learning; playing with others is part of such learning. Gamers’ use of learning resources such as websites and forums has been well-documented =-=[11, 27]-=-. The players in our study consulted sites such as Thottbot, Allakhazam, the Blizzard website and forums, online guides to playing a particular class, and various FAQs. A player can find finely detail...

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...o, and if the materialssare presented in an interactive form. There also exists a large bodysof literature on the effectiveness of games for interactivelysteaching conceptual and procedural knowledge =-=[13]-=-. Conceptualsknowledge is knowledge about concepts or relationships that cansbe expressed as propositions (e.g., URLs have a protocol part andsa domain name part). In contrast, procedural knowledge (a...

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...t promote deep, persistent engagement, as well as learning [17]. Education researchers are now seeking to understand these principles, so that they can understand how to make education more effective =-=[4]-=-. There is increasing interest in serious games, programs that obey solid game design principles but whose purpose is other than to entertain, e.g., to educate or train [20]. Meanwhile, with a few exc...

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...at made them lost money.sFurthermore, it turnssout that these learning methods are similar in many respects to cutting-edge principlessbeing discovered in research on human learning (for details, see =-=Gee 2003-=-, 2004 and thesreferences therein).sGood game designers are practical theoreticians of learning, since what makessgames deep is that players are exercising their learning muscles, though often without...