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186
More than network structure: How knowledge influences managerial performance and innovativeness
- Strategic Management Journal
, 2004
"... This study deals with individual managerial performance, both overall and in generating innovation. While prior work has demonstrated a relationship between network structure and managerial performance, inadequate attention has been paid to network content. We consider several micro-social processes ..."
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Cited by 83 (0 self)
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This study deals with individual managerial performance, both overall and in generating innovation. While prior work has demonstrated a relationship between network structure and managerial performance, inadequate attention has been paid to network content. We consider several micro-social processes that might account for differences in managerial performance, taken from economic sociology and studies of managers ’ exploitation of their social networks and derived from work in psychology on the genesis of ideas. We compare the influence of these mechanisms on managerial performance using a sample of 106 middle managers in a European telecommunications company. Our findings suggest that, while network structure matters, access to heterogeneous knowledge is of equal importance for overall managerial performance and of greater importance for innovation performance. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some empirical criteria for attributing creativity to a computer program
- Minds and Machines 17:76
"... Abstract Over recent decades there has been a growing interest in the question of whether computer programs are capable of genuinely creative activity. Although this notion can be explored as a purely philosophical debate, an alternative per-spective is to consider what aspects of the behaviour of a ..."
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Cited by 68 (2 self)
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Abstract Over recent decades there has been a growing interest in the question of whether computer programs are capable of genuinely creative activity. Although this notion can be explored as a purely philosophical debate, an alternative per-spective is to consider what aspects of the behaviour of a program might be noted or measured in order to arrive at an empirically supported judgement that creativity has occurred. We sketch out, in general abstract terms, what goes on when a potentially creative program is constructed and run, and list some of the relationships (for example, between input and output) which might contribute to a decision about creativity. Specifically, we list a number of criteria which might indicate interesting properties of a program’s behaviour, from the perspective of possible creativity. We go on to review some ways in which these criteria have been applied to actual implementations, and some possible improvements to this way of assessing crea-tivity.
With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time
, 2006
"... Cognitive research on metaphoric concepts of time has focused on differences between moving Ego and moving time models, but even more basic is the contrast between Ego- and temporal-reference-point models. Dynamic models appear to be quasi-universal cross-culturally, as does the generalization that ..."
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Cited by 66 (4 self)
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Cognitive research on metaphoric concepts of time has focused on differences between moving Ego and moving time models, but even more basic is the contrast between Ego- and temporal-reference-point models. Dynamic models appear to be quasi-universal cross-culturally, as does the generalization that in Ego-reference-point models, FUTURE IS IN FRONT OF EGO and PAST IS IN BACK OF EGO. The Aymara language instead has a major static model of time wherein FUTURE IS BEHIND EGO and PAST IS IN FRONT OF EGO; linguistic and gestural data give strong confirmation of this unusual culture-specific cognitive pattern. Gestural data provide crucial information unavailable to purely linguistic analysis, suggesting that when investigating conceptual systems both forms of expression should be analyzed complementarily. Important issues in embodied cognition are raised: how fully shared are bodily grounded motivations for universal cognitive patterns, what makes a rare pattern emerge, and what are the cultural entailments of such patterns?
Conceptual integration and metaphor: An event-related potential study
- Memory and Cognition
, 2002
"... Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 18 normal adults as they read sentences that ended with words used literally, metaphorically, or in an intermediate literal mapping condition. In the latter condition, the literal sense of the word was used in a way that prompted readers to ma ..."
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Cited by 44 (7 self)
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Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 18 normal adults as they read sentences that ended with words used literally, metaphorically, or in an intermediate literal mapping condition. In the latter condition, the literal sense of the word was used in a way that prompted readers to map conceptual structure from a different domain. ERPs measured from 300 to 500 msec after the onset of the sentence-final words differed as a function of metaphoricity: Literal endings elicited the smallest N400, metaphors the largest N400, whereas literal mappings elicited an N400 of intermediate amplitude. Metaphoric endings also elicited a larger posterior positivity than did either literal or literal mapping words. Consistent with conceptual blending theory, the results suggest that the demands of conceptual integration affect the difficulty of both literal and metaphorical language. Financial support was provided by a postdoctoral fellowship from the National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders (DC00355)
A Peer-to-Peer Architecture for Distributed Knowledge Management
- In Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Multi-Agent Systems, Large Complex Systems, and E-Businesses (MALCEB’2002
, 2002
"... Most of the knowledge management systems of complex organizations are based on technological architectures that are in contradiction with the social processes of knowledge creation. In particular, centralized architectures are adopted to manage a process that is intrinsically distributed. In this ..."
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Cited by 27 (4 self)
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Most of the knowledge management systems of complex organizations are based on technological architectures that are in contradiction with the social processes of knowledge creation. In particular, centralized architectures are adopted to manage a process that is intrinsically distributed. In this paper, assuming a Distributed approach to Knowledge Management (DKM), is proposed that technological and social architectures must be reciprocally consistent.
IMAGINING AND RATIONALIZING OPPORTUNITIES: INDUCTIVE REASONING AND THE CREATION AND JUSTIFICATION OF NEW VENTURES
"... We argue that creating novel ventures consists of inductive analogical or metaphor-ical reasoning, which generates a platform for the creation and commercialization of novel ventures and facilitates the comprehension and justification of a venture. We argue that such inductive reasoning is shaped by ..."
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Cited by 22 (2 self)
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We argue that creating novel ventures consists of inductive analogical or metaphor-ical reasoning, which generates a platform for the creation and commercialization of novel ventures and facilitates the comprehension and justification of a venture. We argue that such inductive reasoning is shaped by two determinants (the applicability of prior entrepreneurial experience and the motivation to resolve uncertainty and acquire legitimacy) that interrelate to predict and explain patterns of analogical and metaphorical reasoning by which novice and experienced entrepreneurs construct meaning for themselves as well as others in the early stages of creating a venture. The creation of new ventures is a process by which entrepreneurs come to imagine the oppor-tunity for novel ventures, refine their ideas, and, after an initial investment, justify their ventures to relevant others to gain much-needed support and legitimacy (e.g., Alvarez & Barney, 2007; Mc-Mullen & Shepherd, 2006). Yet how do entrepre-neurs come to create and justify new ventures in such a way that they acquire institutional legit-imacy and the necessary resources for venture growth? Despite an increase in conceptualizing and specifying the process of entrepreneurship (e.g., Zott & Huy, 2007), research has not fully addressed this question, with most accounts the-oretically or empirically equating the processwith antecedent cognitive scripts or characteristics of entrepreneurs (e.g., Baron & Ensley, 2006; Busen-itz & Barney, 1997; Shane, 2000) or with perfor-mance outcomes and the achievement of legiti-macy in an industry (Aldrich & Fiol, 1994; Starr &
Is that a meaningful gesture: electrophysiological indices of gesture comprehension
- Psychophysiology
, 2005
"... To assess semantic processing of iconic gestures, EEG (29 scalp sites) was recorded as adults watched cartoon segments paired with soundless videos of congruous and incongruous gestures followed by probe words. Event-related potentials time-locked to the onset of gestures and probe words were measur ..."
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Cited by 21 (3 self)
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To assess semantic processing of iconic gestures, EEG (29 scalp sites) was recorded as adults watched cartoon segments paired with soundless videos of congruous and incongruous gestures followed by probe words. Event-related potentials time-locked to the onset of gestures and probe words were measured in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants judged the congruency between gestures and cartoons. Gestures elicited an N400-like component (gesture N450) that was larger for incongruent than congruent items, as well as a late positivity that was larger for congruent items. In Experiment 2, participants assessed the relatedness between probe words and preceding cartoon-gesture pairs. N450 effects to gestures were observed without overlapping positivity. These findings suggest that iconic gestures are subject to semantic processes analogous to those evoked by other meaningful representations, such as pictures and words. Descriptors: Gesture, N400, Conceptual integration, Semantics Although it has long been noted that people produce rhythmic movements of their hands and arms as they speak, the communicative significance of these movements is not well understood (Krauss, 1998). Until recently, this issue has been studied mainly by researchers in ethnography and cognitive psychology. Such research
Information Visualization and Semiotic Morphisms
- Visual Representations and Interpretations. Elsevier, 2003. Proceedings of a workshop held in
, 2000
"... An approach to information visualization based on algebraic semiotics is introduced, and illustrated with examples. Semiotics is the general theory of signs, and algebraic semiotics is a new approach combining algebraic abstract data type theory with a grounding in social reality. The most import ..."
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Cited by 18 (10 self)
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An approach to information visualization based on algebraic semiotics is introduced, and illustrated with examples. Semiotics is the general theory of signs, and algebraic semiotics is a new approach combining algebraic abstract data type theory with a grounding in social reality. The most important new ideas are to use semiotic spaces for systems of related signs, semiotic morphisms for representations of signs, and preservation orderings for the quality of representations.
