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102
The concept of fit in strategy research: Towards verbal and statistical correspondence
- ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT REVIEW
, 1989
"... Strategic management relationships are increasingly specified by invoking a general conceptualization of fit ' (alternately termed as contingency, congruency, coalignment, consistency, etc.), but with inadequate correspondence between theoretical statements and operationalization schemes. This ..."
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Cited by 319 (9 self)
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Strategic management relationships are increasingly specified by invoking a general conceptualization of fit ' (alternately termed as contingency, congruency, coalignment, consistency, etc.), but with inadequate correspondence between theoretical statements and operationalization schemes. This paper develops a conceptual framework and identifies six different perspectives-- fit as moderation; fit as mediation; fit as matching; fit as gestalts; fit as profile-deviation; and fit as covariation-- each implying distinct theoretical meanings and requiring the use of specific analytical schemes. This highlights the isomorphic nature of the correspondence between a particular conceptualization and its testing scheme(s), but, it appears that researchers have used these perspectives interchangeably, often invoking one perspective in the theoretical discussion and employing another within empirical research. Since such a research
Revision of the self-monitoring scale
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1984
"... Snyder's (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale exhibits a stable factor structure that does not correspond to the five-component theoretical structure he presents. Sets of face-valid items that better approximate the theoretical structure are described. Correlations between these sets of items and measu ..."
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Cited by 112 (0 self)
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Snyder's (1974) Self-Monitoring Scale exhibits a stable factor structure that does not correspond to the five-component theoretical structure he presents. Sets of face-valid items that better approximate the theoretical structure are described. Correlations between these sets of items and measures of other constructs reveal that four of the five components are positively related to social anxiety. Effective social interaction is supposedly the high self-monitor's forte, and social anxiety appears to be incompatible with this. The correlational results therefore question the entire theory and indicate the need for a narrower definition of the construct. Adopting such a definition from Snyder's review article (1979), we present a 13-item Revised Self-Monitoring scale which measures only sensitivity to the ex-pressive behavior of others and ability to modify self-presentation. A 20-item Concern for Appropriateness scale is also described. This scale measures 2 variables that are directly associated with social anxiety—cross-situational variability and attention to social comparison information. Both scales have acceptable internal consistency, and both yield 2 subscale scores as well as a total score. Prospective users of either
The Continuous Performance Test, Identical Pairs Version (CPT-IP): I. New findings about sustained attention in normal families. Psychiatry Research
, 1988
"... Abstract. The Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs version was adminis-tered to 14 schizophrenic patients, 17 depressed patients, and 28 normal controls. The task was divided into verbal and spatial stimuli, as well as no-distraction and distraction (verbal and auditory) conditions. Both pati ..."
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Cited by 47 (3 self)
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Abstract. The Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs version was adminis-tered to 14 schizophrenic patients, 17 depressed patients, and 28 normal controls. The task was divided into verbal and spatial stimuli, as well as no-distraction and distraction (verbal and auditory) conditions. Both patient groups displayed atten-tional impairments compared to normal subjects, but they differed from each other in specific profiles. Schizophrenic patients were characterized by a global impair-ment and a particular inability to focus on the critical stimuli, whether verbal or spatial. They also made an excess of random responses throughout the task but showed no evidence that attention declined from its initial level over time. Depressed patients did not display a global attentional deficit but did show a specific inability to attend to spatial as compared to verbal stimuli and, in particu-lar, a confusion when the spatial stimuli were only slightly different. Performance on a secondary task in response to a change in expectation improved dramatically for depressed but not schizophrenic patients, suggesting a more efficient allocation strategy, a greater reserve of processing capacity, or more dependence on motiva-
The relationship of theory of mind and executive functions to symptom type and severity in children with autism
- Developmental Psychopathology
, 2004
"... Abstract Although neurocognitive impairments in theory of mind and in executive functions have both been hypothesized to play a causal role in autism, there has been little research investigating the explanatory power of these impairments with regard to autistic symptomatology. The present study ex ..."
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Abstract Although neurocognitive impairments in theory of mind and in executive functions have both been hypothesized to play a causal role in autism, there has been little research investigating the explanatory power of these impairments with regard to autistic symptomatology. The present study examined the degree to which individual differences in theory of mind and executive functions could explain variations in the severity of autism symptoms. Participants included 31 verbal, school-aged children with autism who were administered a battery of tests assessing the understanding of mental states~knowledge and false belief ! and executive control skills~working memory, combined working memory and inhibitory control, and planning! and who were behaviorally evaluated for autism severity in the three core symptom domains. Whereas theory of mind and executive control abilities explained the significant variance beyond that accounted for by language level in communication symptoms, neither explained the significant variance in reciprocal social interaction or repetitive behaviors symptoms. These findings are discussed in terms of a proposed distinction between higher level, cognitive-linguistic aspects of theory of mind and related executive control skills, and more fundamental social-perceptual processes involved in the apprehension of mental state information conveyed through eyes, faces, and voices, which may be more closely linked to autistic deficits in social reciprocity.
Conversational responsiveness of speech- and language-impaired preschoolers.
- Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,
, 1991
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Natural occurrences of ochratoxicosis in poultry
- Poul Sci
, 1982
"... ABSTRACT Five independent episodes of ochratoxicosis in about 970,000 turkeys, two episodes in about 70,000 laying hens, and two episodes in about 12,000,000 broiler chickens were in-vestigated. Ochratoxin A concentrations in suspect feed and ingredients ranged from <.2 to 16 ppm. Feed samples te ..."
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Cited by 12 (1 self)
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ABSTRACT Five independent episodes of ochratoxicosis in about 970,000 turkeys, two episodes in about 70,000 laying hens, and two episodes in about 12,000,000 broiler chickens were in-vestigated. Ochratoxin A concentrations in suspect feed and ingredients ranged from <.2 to 16 ppm. Feed samples tested for T-2 toxin, F-2 toxin, heavy metals, and polychlorinated biphenyls were negative. Minor amounts of aflatoxin (<60 ppb) were found in suspect feed from two epi-sodes. The main symptoms in turkeys were mortality (up to 59%), nephrotoxicity (pale, swollen kidneys that became tan colored in the sequel to acute toxicity), decreased feed consumption (as little as 20 % of the normal feed intake) prior to death, and secondary air sacculitis. Histopathol-ogy revealed edema and necrosis of the proximal tubules of the kidneys and no changes in the liver or other organs. Suspect feed containing 2 ppm ochratoxin A increased uric acid levels in serum when fed to poults in the laboratory. The episodes in laying hens were characterized by reduced egg production, poor egg shell quality, and nephropathy. The episodes in broiler chickens were characterized by poor growth rate, poor feed conversion efficiency, poor pigmentation, nephro-pathy, and increased incidence of air sacculitis. Obtaining feed and ingredients free of ochratoxin, cleaning the feed and ingredient handling equipment, and adding antifungal agents to the feed
Shiga toxin binds human platelets via globotriaosylceramide (Pk antigen) and a novel platelet glycosphingolipid. Infect Immun 66
, 1998
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Can laws protect whistleblowers? Results of a naturally occurring field experiment
- Work and Occupations
, 1999
"... which federal employees reported wrongdoing and the effects on them for having done so. Laws intended to encourage whistle-blowing seem to have two desired effects: to reduce the incidence of perceived wrongdoing and to increase the likelihood of whistle-blowing. However, two unin-tended effects are ..."
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Cited by 9 (2 self)
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which federal employees reported wrongdoing and the effects on them for having done so. Laws intended to encourage whistle-blowing seem to have two desired effects: to reduce the incidence of perceived wrongdoing and to increase the likelihood of whistle-blowing. However, two unin-tended effects are also observed: perceived retaliation increased and whistle-blowers increas-ingly sought anonymity. The basic model predicting retaliation is essentially the same in the three time periods in which data were collected. Implications for research, practice, and the de-sign of future legislation are discussed.
Treponema pallidum rare outer membrane proteins: analysis of mobility by freeze-fracture electron microscopy
- J
, 1994
"... Freeze-fracture and deep-etch electron microscopy were used to investigate the molecular architecture of the Treponema paUlidum outer membrane (OM). Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of treponemes freshly harvested from rabbit testes revealed that the intramembranous particles (IMPs) in both the c ..."
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Cited by 6 (6 self)
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Freeze-fracture and deep-etch electron microscopy were used to investigate the molecular architecture of the Treponema paUlidum outer membrane (OM). Freeze-fracture electron microscopy of treponemes freshly harvested from rabbit testes revealed that the intramembranous particles (IMPs) in both the concave and convex OM leaflets were distributed into alternating areas of relatively high and low particle dei1ity; in many OM fractures, IMPs formed rows that ran either parallel to or obliquely across the fracture faces. Statistical analysis (runs test) confirmed that the IMPs were nonrandomly distributed in both OM leaflets. Examination of deep-etched specimens revealed that the particles observed in freeze-fractured OMs also were surface exposed. Combined analysis of deep-etched and cross-fractured treponemes revealed that the OM particles were located in regions of the OM away from the endoflagella and closely apposed to the cytoplasmic membrane-peptidoglycan complex. When treponemes were incubated for extended periods with heat-inacti-vated immune rabbit syphilitic serum, no alteration in the distribution of OM IMPs was detected. In further experiments, approximately 1:1 mixtures of T. pallidum and Escherichia coli or separate suspensions of the nonpathogenic Treponema phagedenis biotype Reiter were fixed at 34°C or after cooling to 0°C (to induce lateral phase separations that would aggregate IMPs). Only particles in the T. paUlidum OM failed to aggregate in cells fixed at the lower temperature. The combined data suggest that the mobility of T. palidum rare OM proteins
Evaluation of tibial dyschondroplasia during aflatoxicosis and feed restriction in young broiler chickens
- Poultry Science
, 1980
"... ABSTRACT Graded levels of aflatoxin (0,.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 jug of toxin per gram of feed) were incorporated into a broiler starter ration that was fed from day-old to 3 weeks of age. Both tibias were removed from the birds, tibial dyschondroplasia lesions were scored, and the incidence of ..."
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ABSTRACT Graded levels of aflatoxin (0,.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 jug of toxin per gram of feed) were incorporated into a broiler starter ration that was fed from day-old to 3 weeks of age. Both tibias were removed from the birds, tibial dyschondroplasia lesions were scored, and the incidence of lesions reported. Both the incidence and severity of tibial dyschondroplasia decreased significantly (P<.05) at the aflatoxin levels of 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 ppm. In a second experiment, birds received a broiler starter ration either ad libitum or feed restricted by 23 % of the feed con-sumed by the controls. The feed-restricted birds ' body weights and the severity and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia decreased to values comparable with those of birds receiving 5.0 ppm aflatoxin. These data suggest that either feed consumption or growth rate, or both, plays a major role in the initiation of tibial dyschondroplasia and tibial dyschondroplasia is not a result of direct intervention of aflatoxin in bone development.
