See linked editorial on page 1 and commentary on page 36

Abstract not found

2 This paper concerns the spatial and intensity transformations that map one image onto another. We present a general technique that facilitates nonlinear spatial (stereotactic) normalization and image realignment. This technique minimizes the sum of squares between two images following nonlinear spatial deformations and transformations of the voxel (intensity) values. The spatial and intensity transformations are obtained simultaneously, and explicitly, using a least squares solution and a series of linearising devices. The approach is completely noninteractive (automatic), nonlinear and noniterative. It can be applied in any number of dimensions. Various applications are considered, including the realignment of functional MRI time-series, linear (affine) and nonlinear spatial normalization of PET and structural MRI images, the coregistration of PET to structural MRI and, implicitly, the conjoining of PET and MRI to obtain high resolution functional images.

Nick Spencer

Aim—To investigate the rate and nature of anxiety symptoms and disorders in chil-dren, and their relation to social adversi-ties in a cultural sample not previously researched. Methods—237 children aged 9 to 13 years living in the Gaza Strip were selected ran-domly from 112 schools. Children com-pleted the revised manifest anxiety scale (a questionnaire with yes/no answers for 28 anxiety items and nine lie items), and teachers completed the Rutter scale (a questionnaire of 26 items of child mental health problems rated on a scale of 0–2: “certainly applies”, “applies somewhat”, “doesn’t apply”). Results—Children reported high rates of significant anxiety problems (21.5%) and teachers reported high rates of mental health problems in the children (43.4%) that would justify clinical assessment. Anxiety problems, particularly negative cognitions, increased with age and were significantly higher among girls. Low socioeconomic status (father unemployed or unskilled worker) was the strongest predictor of general mental health prob-lems. Living in inner city areas or camps, both common among refugees, was strongly associated with anxiety prob-lems. Conclusions—The rate and nature of anxiety disorders were similar to those established in Western societies. Factors reflecting social adversity and lack of sta-bility were also similarly involved. There may be more similarities in the presenta-tion of mental health symptoms across cultures than previously believed.

Intentional versus unintentional contact as a

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Mother and baby units in prisons in the UK, 2004

Abstract not found

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common condition affecting many thousands of children. It is a condi-tion that can have adverse health, social