Expedition Two is the second in a series of expeditions to Mars analogue locations worldwide under the auspices of the Mars Expedition Research Council (MERC). The goals of Expedition Two are threefold: research, operations, outreach and education. The expedition will be contained with approximate 100 km radius of Arkaroola in the northern Flinders Ranges in the Australian Outback. There will be six main themes to the expedition within the goals: Field Science – Collecting baseline geological and biological data on the field area and its Mars analogue significance. Field Engineering-Trials of the MarsSkin 3 analogue Mechanical Counter Pressure suit. Exploration Operations – evaluation of exploration methodologies, data collection and data loggers, and a site database, and selection of the site for MARS-OZ Human Factors – psychological profiling of an international, multi-disciplinary team of expeditioners, cognitive function, leadership philosophies, and crew social interaction. Outreach– Based on previous expeditions we expect extensive local, national and international interest by web, broadcast and print media. Education – The expedition will be interacting with groups of students from the International Space University’s Summer School Program, undergraduates from the University of South Australia and the

Five areas will be visited during Expedition Two (Figure 3). They consist of: 1) The Mount Painter province and Adelaide Fold Belt in the Arkaroola area. This features radiogenic hot springs, weathered uranium (and other metals) prospects, the Cambrian-Precambrian boundary, Acraman impact layer, Proterozoic glacials, and stromatolite horizons 2) The eastern fans. These drain from the northern Flinders ranges and have deposited a range of both modern and relict fans and their associated drainage systems. These discharge into the large playa of Lake Frome. Associated with these deposits are localised minor dunes. 3) The Strzelecki Desert. This is a major sand sea of longitudinal dunes. At Gurra Gurra waterhole on Strzelecki Creek there are both aeolian erosional features (yardangs) and crescentic dunes that have been used as a Mars analogue. Also in the area are ephemeral rivers, evidence of high lake level shorelines, salt pans, gibber plains, and several mound springs 4) The Mount Babbage Inlier. This is the northern-most end of the Flinders Ranges and features four or five clusters of mound springs, fans, excellent exposures of glacial-marine Cretaceous, duricrusts, and an exhumed Mesozoic landscape. 5) Northern fans and surfaces. This area consists of deposits formed by drainages flowing north and west from the Flinders Ranges. Features of interest include modern and relict fans and surfaces, duricrusts, gibber plains, sand dunes, and floodouts.

expedition was constrained within an approximate 100 km radius of Arkaroola in the northern Flinders Ranges in the Australian Outback. There were six main themes to the expedition within the goals: Field Science – Collecting baseline geological and biological data on the field area and its Mars analog significance. Exploration Technology- Trials of the MarsSkin 3 analog Mechanical Counter Pressure suit. Exploration Operations – evaluation of exploration methodologies, data collection and data loggers, and a site database, and selection of the site for MARS-OZ. Human Factors – psychological profiling of an international, multi-disciplinary team of expeditioners, cognitive function, leadership philosophies, and crew social interaction. Outreach – extensive local, national and international interest was generated by web, broadcast and print

high heat flow attributed to high concentrations of radioactive elements in the Inlier. Paleozoic hydrothermal activity produced for the springs have been identified: Mt. Painter Domain and a local Great Artesian Basin aquifer. The variability of the flow Chemical Geology 222 (2005) 35–64 www.elsevier.com/locate/chemgeolarge volumes of uraniferous breccias and siliceous sinter, and secondary uranium deposits are mined in Tertiary sandstones east of the Inlier (Beverley mine). The Paralana hot springs (PHS) are the only remaining hot spring along the Paralana fault, the locus of long-standing hydrothermal activity, as shown by epithermal precious metal, Cu–Fe and Fe–U deposits. This study investigates the chemistry of the PHS water and other groundwaters in the Mt. Painter Inlier, aiming to constrain the primary source of the water and heat in PHS, and to explore the relationships between fossil ore deposits and modern groundwaters in the province. PHS discharges 16 L/s of water at a temperature of 57 8C. The water is neutral (pH 7–8) and has total dissolved solids of 1144 mg/L, towards of the lower end of the range for nearby cold springs and groundwater bores (1000 to 3041 mg/L TDS). Fluorine (5 ppm), Mo (33 ppb), W (11 ppb), Cs (16 ppb) and Rb (200 ppb) concentrations are comparatively high in the spring water. d18O and dD values show that the PHS water is of meteoric origin, and d13C values of CO2 (g) emanating from the springs and dissolved HCO3 suggest the carbon source is organic matter, e.g., soil or plants. Rn concentrations are very high at