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...ons. For design purposes, it is essential to understand the specific properties of tabletop territories that facilitate coordination. To help us identify these properties, we draw on Pinelle et al.’s =-=[11]-=- coordination mechanics, which define the core actions that people must perform in order to coordinate in a shared workspace. These mechanics refer to those actions which enable shared access (to tool...

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...generally to situation, task, and human considerations in any type of applied research endeavor. However, there are other frameworks with different approaches [40, 30]. Pinelle, Gutwin, and Greenberg =-=[35]-=- have recently developed a framework for conducting groupware usability evaluations that focus on the mechanics of collaboration. Aside from gross descriptions like laboratory or field studies, it is ...

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...ly for co-located collaborative information visualization systems. These design heuristics are condensed from information visualization design advice [29, 38, 39, 40], co-located collaboration advice =-=[8, 13, 23, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32]-=-, studies that look directly at collaborative visualization [14, 15, 20], and our observations of teams of people collaborating to solve tasks using information visualizations [19]. Other design heuri...

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...areness of people, how they interact with the workspace, and the events happening within the workspace over time. As outlined below, many behavioural factors comprising the mechanics of collaboration =-=[19]-=- require speech and gestures to contribute to how collaborators maintain and exploit workspace awareness over tabletops. Alouds. These are high level spoken utterances made by the performer of an acti...

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...bodies. While there is much potential for one person to interfere with others if they are working over a small space, they naturally mediate their actions through social protocol and unspoken actions =-=[13]-=-. For example, people standing in front of a whiteboard often turn-take, or choose a side to work on, or wait for others to complete an action in an area before moving into it to mitigate against thei...

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...ative design involving a tabletop drawing surface, Tang noticed that over one third of all activities consisted of intentional gestures [17]. These intentional gestures serve many communication roles =-=[15]-=-, including: pointing to objects and areas of interest within the workspace, drawing of paths and shapes to emphasise content, giving directions, indicating sizes or areas, and acting out operations. ...

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...or example, one person may interpret another’s utterance by performing an action (an acceptance); or use their hands to demonstrate an idea (a presentation). Further, the ‘mechanics of collaboration’ =-=[13]-=- have been suggested as important in understanding how people collaborate around tabletops, though so far have not been used to analyze collaborative learning. These mechanics describe not only how pe...

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...tion on the communication, coordination and cooperation aspects, guiding the detection of usability problems. Groupware heuristic evaluation [Baker, Greenberg & Gutwin, 2001] and task-based analysis [=-=Pinelle et al, 2003-=-] could be used to guide groupware testing. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The AulaNet project is partially financed by Fundação Padre Leonel Franca and by the Ministry of Science and Technology through its Program ...

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... users always build against a correct version. Figure 4: CSE Heuristics 12sThe heuristics and task modelling techniques proposed for CSCW (Baker et al. 2001, Baker et al. 2002, Pinelle & Gutwin 2002, =-=Pinelle et al. 2003-=-) are somewhat generic. We aim to extend these in two ways. Firstly, we see merit in establishing additional domain specific heuristics for CSE since this differs in many ways from the typical CSCW ap...