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Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: efficient protocols and outage behavior
- IEEE TRANS. INFORM. THEORY
, 2004
"... We develop and analyze low-complexity cooperative diversity protocols that combat fading induced by multipath propagation in wireless networks. The underlying techniques exploit space diversity available through cooperating terminals’ relaying signals for one another. We outline several strategies ..."
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Cited by 1940 (31 self)
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We develop and analyze low-complexity cooperative diversity protocols that combat fading induced by multipath propagation in wireless networks. The underlying techniques exploit space diversity available through cooperating terminals’ relaying signals for one another. We outline several strategies employed by the cooperating radios, including fixed relaying schemes such as amplify-and-forward and decode-and-forward, selection relaying schemes that adapt based upon channel measurements between the cooperating terminals, and incremental relaying schemes that adapt based upon limited feedback from the destination terminal. We develop performance characterizations in terms of outage events and associated outage probabilities, which measure robustness of the transmissions to fading, focusing on the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Except for fixed decode-and-forward, all of our cooperative diversity protocols are efficient in the sense that they achieve full diversity (i.e., second-order diversity in the case of two terminals), and, moreover, are close to optimum (within 1.5 dB) in certain regimes. Thus, using distributed antennas, we can provide the powerful benefits of space diversity without need for physical arrays, though at a loss of spectral efficiency due to half-duplex operation and possibly at the cost of additional receive hardware. Applicable to any wireless setting, including cellular or ad hoc networks—wherever space constraints preclude the use of physical arrays—the performance characterizations reveal that large power or energy savings result from the use of these protocols.
Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: Performance criterion and code construction
- IEEE TRANS. INFORM. THEORY
, 1998
"... We consider the design of channel codes for improving the data rate and/or the reliability of communications over fading channels using multiple transmit antennas. Data is encoded by a channel code and the encoded data is split into n streams that are simultaneously transmitted using n transmit ant ..."
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Cited by 1762 (28 self)
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We consider the design of channel codes for improving the data rate and/or the reliability of communications over fading channels using multiple transmit antennas. Data is encoded by a channel code and the encoded data is split into n streams that are simultaneously transmitted using n transmit antennas. The received signal at each receive antenna is a linear superposition of the n transmitted signals perturbed by noise. We derive performance criteria for designing such codes under the assumption that the fading is slow and frequency nonselective. Performance is shown to be determined by matrices constructed from pairs of distinct code sequences. The minimum rank among these matrices quantifies the diversity gain, while the minimum determinant of these matrices quantifies the coding gain. The results are then extended to fast fading channels. The design criteria are used to design trellis codes for high data rate wireless communication. The encoding/decoding complexity of these codes is comparable to trellis codes employed in practice over Gaussian channels. The codes constructed here provide the best tradeoff between data rate, diversity advantage, and trellis complexity. Simulation results are provided for 4 and 8 PSK signal sets with data rates of 2 and 3 bits/symbol, demonstrating excellent performance that is within 2–3 dB of the outage capacity for these channels using only 64 state encoders.
Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs
- IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory
, 1999
"... Abstract — We introduce space–time block coding, a new paradigm for communication over Rayleigh fading channels using multiple transmit antennas. Data is encoded using a space–time block code and the encoded data is split into � streams which are simultaneously transmitted using � transmit antennas. ..."
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Cited by 1509 (42 self)
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Abstract — We introduce space–time block coding, a new paradigm for communication over Rayleigh fading channels using multiple transmit antennas. Data is encoded using a space–time block code and the encoded data is split into � streams which are simultaneously transmitted using � transmit antennas. The received signal at each receive antenna is a linear superposition of the � transmitted signals perturbed by noise. Maximumlikelihood decoding is achieved in a simple way through decoupling of the signals transmitted from different antennas rather than joint detection. This uses the orthogonal structure of the space–time block code and gives a maximum-likelihood decoding algorithm which is based only on linear processing at the receiver. Space–time block codes are designed to achieve the maximum diversity order for a given number of transmit and receive antennas subject to the constraint of having a simple decoding algorithm. The classical mathematical framework of orthogonal designs is applied to construct space–time block codes. It is shown that space–time block codes constructed in this way only exist for few sporadic values of �. Subsequently, a generalization of orthogonal designs is shown to provide space–time block codes for both real and complex constellations for any number of transmit antennas. These codes achieve the maximum possible transmission rate for any number of transmit antennas using any arbitrary real constellation such as PAM. For an arbitrary complex constellation such as PSK and QAM, space–time block codes are designed that achieve IaP of the maximum possible transmission rate for any number of transmit antennas. For the specific cases of two, three, and four transmit antennas, space–time block codes are designed that achieve, respectively, all, QaR, and QaR of maximum possible transmission rate using arbitrary complex constellations. The best tradeoff between the decoding delay and the number of transmit antennas is also computed and it is shown that many of the codes presented here are optimal in this sense as well. Index Terms — Codes, diversity, multipath channels, multiple antennas, wireless communication.
Diversity and Multiplexing: A Fundamental Tradeoff in Multiple Antenna Channels
- IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory
, 2002
"... Multiple antennas can be used for increasing the amount of diversity or the number of degrees of freedom in wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose the point of view that both types of gains can be simultaneously obtained for a given multiple antenna channel, but there is a fund ..."
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Cited by 1143 (20 self)
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Multiple antennas can be used for increasing the amount of diversity or the number of degrees of freedom in wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose the point of view that both types of gains can be simultaneously obtained for a given multiple antenna channel, but there is a fundamental tradeo# between how much of each any coding scheme can get. For the richly scattered Rayleigh fading channel, we give a simple characterization of the optimal tradeo# curve and use it to evaluate the performance of existing multiple antenna schemes.
Cooperative strategies and capacity theorems for relay networks
- IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory
, 2005
"... Abstract—Coding strategies that exploit node cooperation are developed for relay networks. Two basic schemes are studied: the relays decode-and-forward the source message to the destination, or they compress-and-forward their channel outputs to the desti-nation. The decode-and-forward scheme is a va ..."
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Cited by 733 (19 self)
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Abstract—Coding strategies that exploit node cooperation are developed for relay networks. Two basic schemes are studied: the relays decode-and-forward the source message to the destination, or they compress-and-forward their channel outputs to the desti-nation. The decode-and-forward scheme is a variant of multihop-ping, but in addition to having the relays successively decode the message, the transmitters cooperate and each receiver uses several or all of its past channel output blocks to decode. For the compress-and-forward scheme, the relays take advantage of the statistical dependence between their channel outputs and the destination’s channel output. The strategies are applied to wireless channels, and it is shown that decode-and-forward achieves the ergodic capacity with phase fading if phase information is available only locally, and if the relays are near the source node. The ergodic capacity coin-cides with the rate of a distributed antenna array with full coop-eration even though the transmitting antennas are not colocated. The capacity results generalize broadly, including to multiantenna transmission with Rayleigh fading, single-bounce fading, certain quasi-static fading problems, cases where partial channel knowl-edge is available at the transmitters, and cases where local user co-operation is permitted. The results further extend to multisource and multidestination networks such as multiaccess and broadcast relay channels. Index Terms—Antenna arrays, capacity, coding, multiuser chan-nels, relay channels. I.
User Cooperation Diversity - Part I: System Description
- IEEE Trans. Commun
"... Mobile users' data rate and quality of service are limited by the fact that, within the duration of any given call, they experience severe variations in signal attenuation, thereby necessitating the use of some type of diversity. In this two-part paper, we propose a new form of spatial diver ..."
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Cited by 639 (23 self)
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Mobile users' data rate and quality of service are limited by the fact that, within the duration of any given call, they experience severe variations in signal attenuation, thereby necessitating the use of some type of diversity. In this two-part paper, we propose a new form of spatial diversity, in which diversity gains are achieved via the cooperation of mobile users. Part I describes the user cooperation strategy while Part II focuses on implementation issues and performance analysis. Results show that, even though the inter-user channel is noisy, cooperation leads not only to an increase in capacity for both users but also to a more robust system, where users' achievable rates are less susceptible to channel variations.
How Much Training is Needed in Multiple-Antenna Wireless Links?
- IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory
, 2000
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Capacity of a Mobile Multiple-Antenna Communication Link in Rayleigh Flat Fading
"... We analyze a mobile wireless link comprising M transmitter and N receiver antennas operating in a Rayleigh flat-fading environment. The propagation coefficients between every pair of transmitter and receiver antennas are statistically independent and unknown; they remain constant for a coherence int ..."
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Cited by 494 (23 self)
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We analyze a mobile wireless link comprising M transmitter and N receiver antennas operating in a Rayleigh flat-fading environment. The propagation coefficients between every pair of transmitter and receiver antennas are statistically independent and unknown; they remain constant for a coherence interval of T symbol periods, after which they change to new independent values which they maintain for another T symbol periods, and so on. Computing the link capacity, associated with channel coding over multiple fading intervals, requires an optimization over the joint density of T M complex transmitted signals. We prove that there is no point in making the number of transmitter antennas greater than the length of the coherence interval: the capacity for M> Tis equal to the capacity for M = T. Capacity is achieved when the T M transmitted signal matrix is equal to the product of two statistically independent matrices: a T T isotropically distributed unitary matrix times a certain T M random matrix that is diagonal, real, and nonnegative. This result enables us to determine capacity for many interesting cases. We conclude that, for a fixed number of antennas, as the length of the coherence interval increases, the capacity approaches the capacity obtained as if the receiver knew the propagation coefficients.
Fading relay channels: Performance limits and space-time signal design
- IEEE J. SELECT. AREAS COMMUN
, 2004
"... Cooperative diversity is a transmission technique where multiple terminals pool their resources to form a virtual antenna array that realizes spatial diversity gain in a distributed fashion. In this paper, we examine the basic building block of cooperative diversity systems, a simple fading relay ch ..."
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Cited by 436 (4 self)
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Cooperative diversity is a transmission technique where multiple terminals pool their resources to form a virtual antenna array that realizes spatial diversity gain in a distributed fashion. In this paper, we examine the basic building block of cooperative diversity systems, a simple fading relay channel where the source, destination and relay terminals are each equipped with single antenna transceivers. We consider three different TDMA-based cooperative protocols that vary the degree of broadcasting and receive collision. The relay terminal operates in either the amplify-and-forward (AF) or decode-and-forward (DF) modes. For each protocol, we study the ergodic and outage capacity behavior (assuming Gaussian code books) under the AF and DF modes of relaying. We analyze the spatial diversity performance of the various protocols and find that full spatial diversity (second-order in this case) is achieved by certain protocols provided that appropriate power control is employed. Our analysis unifies previous results reported in the literature and establishes the superiority (both from a capacity as well as a diversity point-of-view) of a new protocol proposed in this paper. The second part of the paper is devoted to (distributed) space-time code design for fading relay channels operating in the AF mode. We show that the corresponding code design criteria consist of the traditional rank and determinant criteria for the case of co-located antennas as well as appropriate power control rules. Consequently space-time codes designed for the case of co-located multi-antenna channels can be used to realize cooperative diversity provided that appropriate power control is employed.
High-Rate Codes that are Linear in Space and Time
- IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory
, 2000
"... Multiple-antenna systems that operate at high rates require simple yet effective space-time transmission schemes to handle the large traffic volume in real time. At rates of tens of bits/sec/Hz, V-BLAST, where every antenna transmits its own independent substream of data, has been shown to have good ..."
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Cited by 420 (12 self)
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Multiple-antenna systems that operate at high rates require simple yet effective space-time transmission schemes to handle the large traffic volume in real time. At rates of tens of bits/sec/Hz, V-BLAST, where every antenna transmits its own independent substream of data, has been shown to have good performance and simple encoding and decoding. Yet V-BLAST suffers from its inability to work with fewer receive antennas than transmit antennas---this deficiency is especially important for modern cellular systems where a basestation typically has more antennas than the mobile handsets. Furthermore, because V-BLAST transmits independent data streams on its antennas there is no built-in spatial coding to guard against deep fades from any given transmit antenna. On the other hand, there are many previously-proposed space-time codes that have good fading resistance and simple decoding, but these codes generally have poor performance at high data rates or with many antennas. We propose a high-rate coding scheme that can handle any...
