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From .academy to .zone: An Analysis of the New TLD Land Rush
"... ABSTRACT The com, net, and org TLDs contain roughly 150 million registered domains, and domain registrants often have a difficult time finding a desirable and available name. In 2013, ICANN began delegation of a new wave of TLDs into the Domain Name System with the goal of improving meaningful name ..."
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ABSTRACT The com, net, and org TLDs contain roughly 150 million registered domains, and domain registrants often have a difficult time finding a desirable and available name. In 2013, ICANN began delegation of a new wave of TLDs into the Domain Name System with the goal of improving meaningful name choice for registrants. The new rollout resulted in over 500 new TLDs in the first 18 months, nearly tripling the number of TLDs. Previous rollouts of small numbers of new TLDs have resulted in a burst of defensive registrations as companies aggressively defend their trademarks to avoid consumer confusion. This paper analyzes the types of domain registrations in the new TLDs to determine registrant behavior in the brave new world of naming abundance. We also examine the cost structures and monetization models for the new TLDs to identify which registries are profitable. We gather DNS, Web, and WHOIS data for each new domain, and combine this with cost structure data from ICANN, the registries, and domain registrars to estimate the total cost of the new TLD program. We find that only 15% of domains in the new TLDs show characteristics consistent with primary registrations, while the rest are promotional, speculative, or defensive in nature; indeed, 16% of domains with NS records do not even resolve yet, and 32% are parked. Our financial analysis suggests only half of the registries have earned enough to cover their application fees, and 10% of current registries likely never will solely from registration revenue.
From.academy to.zone: An Analysis of the New TLD Land Rush
"... The com, net, and org TLDs contain roughly 150 million regis-tered domains, and domain registrants often have a difficult time finding a desirable and available name. In 2013, ICANN began delegation of a new wave of TLDs into the Domain Name Sys-tem with the goal of improving meaningful name choice ..."
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The com, net, and org TLDs contain roughly 150 million regis-tered domains, and domain registrants often have a difficult time finding a desirable and available name. In 2013, ICANN began delegation of a new wave of TLDs into the Domain Name Sys-tem with the goal of improving meaningful name choice for regis-trants. The new rollout resulted in over 500 new TLDs in the first 18 months, nearly tripling the number of TLDs. Previous rollouts of small numbers of new TLDs have resulted in a burst of defensive registrations as companies aggressively defend their trademarks to avoid consumer confusion. This paper analyzes the types of do-main registrations in the new TLDs to determine registrant behav-ior in the brave new world of naming abundance. We also exam-ine the cost structures and monetization models for the new TLDs to identify which registries are profitable. We gather DNS, Web, and WHOIS data for each new domain, and combine this with cost structure data from ICANN, the registries, and domain registrars to estimate the total cost of the new TLD program. We find that only 15 % of domains in the new TLDs show characteristics consistent with primary registrations, while the rest are promotional, specu-lative, or defensive in nature; indeed, 16 % of domains with NS records do not even resolve yet, and 32 % are parked. Our financial analysis suggests only half of the registries have earned enough to cover their application fees, and 10 % of current registries likely never will solely from registration revenue.
NSF Proposal TWC: Frontier: Collaborative: Beyond Technical Security: Developing an Empirical Basis for Socio-Economic Perspectives
, 2012
"... Security is at once a technical property of a system and a socio-economic property of the environment in which it operates. The former property—focused on real or potential abuse resulting from unintended design or implementation vulnerabilities—encompasses the vast majority of security research and ..."
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Security is at once a technical property of a system and a socio-economic property of the environment in which it operates. The former property—focused on real or potential abuse resulting from unintended design or implementation vulnerabilities—encompasses the vast majority of security research and practice. Indeed, the very term “trustworthy system ” implicitly encodes the notion that security is a distinct and comprehensive property of the computing artifacts we use: secure against all adversaries and user failings. But history has shown that a perspective solely focused on technical considerations becomes mired in a relentless arms race. More importantly, this perspective misses an entire half of the problem space: the human element. Fundamentally, we care about security only because adversaries are motivated to attack us and because users prove susceptible to being victimized. Our proposal squarely focuses on addressing this other half of the problem space. We hold that while security is a phenomenon mediated by the technical workings of computers and networks, it is ultimately a conflict driven by economic and social issues which merit a commensurate level of scrutiny. Security is a game among actors: adversaries, defenders, and users. Together their behavior defines the shape of the threats we face, how they evolve over time, and, we argue, how they can best be addressed. A Socio-Economic Motivation. The need to address the social and economic elements of security has
XXXtortion? Inferring Registration Intent in the.XXX TLD
"... After a decade-long approval process, multiple rejections, and an independent review, ICANN approved the xxx TLD for inclusion in the Domain Name System, to begin general availability on De-cember 6, 2011. Its sponsoring registry proposed it as an expansion of the name space, as well as a way to sep ..."
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After a decade-long approval process, multiple rejections, and an independent review, ICANN approved the xxx TLD for inclusion in the Domain Name System, to begin general availability on De-cember 6, 2011. Its sponsoring registry proposed it as an expansion of the name space, as well as a way to separate adult from child-appropriate content. Many independent groups, including trade-mark holders, political groups, and the adult entertainment indus-try itself, were concerned that it would primarily generate value through defensive and speculative registrations, without actually serving a real need. This paper measures the validity of these con-cerns using data gathered from ICANN, whois, and Web requests. We use this information to characterize each xxx domain and in-fer the registrant’s most likely intent. We find that at most 3.8% of xxx domains host or redirect to potentially legitimate Web con-tent, with the rest generally serving either defensive or speculative purposes. Indeed, registrants spent roughly $13M up front to de-fend existing brands and trademarks within the xxx TLD, and an additional $11M over the course of the first year. Additional ev-idence suggests that over 80 % of annual domain registrations are for purely defensive purposes and do not even resolve.
