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270
JW (2006) The restless mind
- Psychol Bull
"... This article reviews the hypothesis that mind wandering can be integrated into executive models of attention. Evidence suggests that mind wandering shares many similarities with traditional notions of executive control. When mind wandering occurs, the executive components of attention appear to shif ..."
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Cited by 142 (13 self)
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This article reviews the hypothesis that mind wandering can be integrated into executive models of attention. Evidence suggests that mind wandering shares many similarities with traditional notions of executive control. When mind wandering occurs, the executive components of attention appear to shift away from the primary task, leading to failures in task performance and superficial representations of the external environment. One challenge for incorporating mind wandering into standard executive models is that it often occurs in the absence of explicit intention—a hallmark of controlled processing. However, mind wandering, like other goal-related processes, can be engaged without explicit awareness; thus, mind wandering can be seen as a goal-driven process, albeit one that is not directed toward the primary task.
Underlying processes in the implicit Association test (iAt): Dissociating salience from associations.
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,
, 2004
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Affective influences on the attentional dynamics supporting awareness
- Journal of Experimental Psycholology: General
, 2005
"... Identification of a 1st target stimulus in a rapid serial visual presentation sequence leads to transient impairment in report for a 2nd target;this is known as the attentional blink (AB). This AB impairment was substantially alleviated for emotionally significant target words. AB sparing was not at ..."
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Cited by 105 (3 self)
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Identification of a 1st target stimulus in a rapid serial visual presentation sequence leads to transient impairment in report for a 2nd target;this is known as the attentional blink (AB). This AB impairment was substantially alleviated for emotionally significant target words. AB sparing was not attributable to a variety of nonaffective stimulus factors that could result in augmented distinctiveness. Arousal value, not the valence of stimulus events, was found to be responsible for AB sparing. These results suggest that arousal is associated with decreased attentional prerequisites for awareness, enabling emotional significance to shape perceptual experience. Perceptions and memories are not all created equal, nor should they be. It has been long known that memories for the significant and mundane events in a person’s life are not formed with equal durability and fidelity but are instead modulated by their emotional significance (for a review, see Christianson, 1992). A functionalist account suggests this difference in the fate of remembered and forgotten events is due to the fact that memories are to serve some predictive utility that aids one’s ability to later navigate within
What you see is what you set: sustained inattentional blindness and the capture of awareness
- PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
, 2005
"... This article reports a theoretical and experimental attempt to relate and contrast 2 traditionally separate research programs: inattentional blindness and attention capture. Inattentional blindness refers to failures to notice unexpected objects and events when attention is otherwise engaged. Attent ..."
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Cited by 69 (11 self)
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This article reports a theoretical and experimental attempt to relate and contrast 2 traditionally separate research programs: inattentional blindness and attention capture. Inattentional blindness refers to failures to notice unexpected objects and events when attention is otherwise engaged. Attention capture research has traditionally used implicit indices (e.g., response times) to investigate automatic shifts of attention. Because attention capture usually measures performance whereas inattentional blindness measures awareness, the 2 fields have existed side by side with no shared theoretical framework. Here, the authors propose a theoretical unification, adapting several important effects from the attention capture literature to the context of sustained inattentional blindness. Although some stimulus properties can influence noticing of unexpected objects, the most influential factor affecting noticing is a person’s own attentional goals. The authors conclude that many—but not all—aspects of attention capture apply to inattentional blindness but that these 2 classes of phenomena remain importantly distinct.
They all look the same to me (unless they’re angry): From out-group homogeneity to out-group heterogeneity
- Psychological Science
, 2006
"... ABSTRACT—People often find it more difficult to distinguish ethnic out-group members compared with ethnic in-group members. A functional approach to social cognition suggests that this bias may be eliminated when out-group members display threatening facial expressions. In the present study, 192 Whi ..."
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Cited by 66 (22 self)
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ABSTRACT—People often find it more difficult to distinguish ethnic out-group members compared with ethnic in-group members. A functional approach to social cognition suggests that this bias may be eliminated when out-group members display threatening facial expressions. In the present study, 192 White participants viewed Black and White faces displaying either neutral or angry expressions and later attempted to identify previously seen faces. Recognition accuracy for neutral faces showed the outgroup homogeneity bias, but this bias was entirely eliminated for angry Black faces. Indeed, when participants’ cognitive processing capacity was constrained, recognition accuracy was greater for angry Black faces than for angry White faces, demonstrating an out-group heterogeneity bias. People readily confuse individuals from other races and ethnic groups with one another—the ‘‘they all look the same to me’’ phenomenon. This pattern may reflect a more general cognitive bias toward perceiving the membership of other groups as less variable than the membership of one’s own group—the outgroup homogeneity bias (Anthony, Copper, & Mullen, 1992; Ostrom & Sedikides, 1992). This bias is generally interpreted as resulting from constraints on perceptual processing capacity and perceivers ’ tendency to allocate limited perceptual resources in a functional way (e.g., Rodin, 1987; Sporer, 2001). Here, we elaborate on this functional approach to the out-group homogeneity bias, reporting a study in which we tested novel
Romantic red: Red enhances men’s attraction to women
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2008
"... In many nonhuman primates, the color red enhances males ’ attraction to females. In 5 experiments, the authors demonstrate a parallel effect in humans: Red, relative to other achromatic and chromatic colors, leads men to view women as more attractive and more sexually desirable. Men seem unaware of ..."
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Cited by 40 (7 self)
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In many nonhuman primates, the color red enhances males ’ attraction to females. In 5 experiments, the authors demonstrate a parallel effect in humans: Red, relative to other achromatic and chromatic colors, leads men to view women as more attractive and more sexually desirable. Men seem unaware of this red effect, and red does not influence women’s perceptions of the attractiveness of other women, nor men’s perceptions of women’s overall likeability, kindness, or intelligence. The findings have clear practical implications for men and women in the mating game and, perhaps, for fashion consultants, product designers, and marketers. Furthermore, the findings document the value of extending research on signal coloration to humans and of considering color as something of a common language, both within and across species.
Memory for specific visual details can be enhanced by negative arousing content.
- Journal of Memory and Language,
, 2006
"... Abstract Individuals often claim that they vividly remember information with negative emotional content. At least two types of information could lead to this sense of enhanced vividness: Information about the emotional item itself (e.g., the exact visual details of a snake) and information about th ..."
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Cited by 30 (15 self)
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Abstract Individuals often claim that they vividly remember information with negative emotional content. At least two types of information could lead to this sense of enhanced vividness: Information about the emotional item itself (e.g., the exact visual details of a snake) and information about the context in which the emotional item was encountered (e.g., the fact that the snake was sitting on a branch in a forest). The present study focused on the former, investigating how exposure duration at study and emotional content of an object affected the likelihood of remembering an itemÕs specific visual details. Participants studied neutral objects (e.g., a barometer) and negative arousing objects (e.g., a grenade) and were later shown either the identical object or a different photo of the same type of object (e.g., another barometer). Across two experiments, emotional content enhanced the likelihood that specific visual details were remembered: Individuals were more likely to correctly indicate that an item was identical to the object studied earlier if it was an emotional object than if it was a neutral object. This memory benefit for the emotional items was most robust when items were shown for longer exposure durations (500 or 1000 ms) rather than only briefly (for 250 ms). Thus, with sufficient processing time, negative arousing content appears to enhance the likelihood that visual details are remembered about an object.
Beyond fear: Rapid spatial orienting toward positive emotional stimuli
- Psychological Science
, 2008
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Visual awareness and the detection of fearful faces
- Emotion
, 2005
"... A commonly held view is that emotional stimuli are processed independently of awareness. Here, the authors parametrically varied the duration of a fearful face target stimulus that was backward masked by a neutral face. The authors evaluated awareness by characterizing behavioral performance using r ..."
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Cited by 26 (0 self)
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A commonly held view is that emotional stimuli are processed independently of awareness. Here, the authors parametrically varied the duration of a fearful face target stimulus that was backward masked by a neutral face. The authors evaluated awareness by characterizing behavioral performance using receiver operating characteristic curves from signal detection theory. Their main finding was that no universal objective awareness threshold exists for fear perception. Although several subjects displayed a behavioral pattern consistent with previous reports (i.e., targets masked at 33 ms), a considerable percentage of their subjects (64%) were capable of reliably detecting 33-ms targets. Their findings suggest that considerable information is available even in briefly presented stimuli (possibly as short as 17 ms) to support masked fear detection. Emotional stimuli, such as a picture of a fearful face or an aversive scene, are processed rapidly. For example, when viewing such pictures, subjects exhibit fast, involuntary, autonomic re-sponses (Ohman, Esteves, & Soares, 1995). Under some condi-tions, the processing of emotional stimuli may proceed when the stimuli are outside the focus of attention (Vuilleumier, Armony,
Stress, cognition, and human performance: A literature review and conceptual framework
- NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION
, 2004
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