Results 1 - 10
of
220
Facing prejudice: Implicit prejudice and the perception of facial threat
- Psychological Science
, 2003
"... We propose that social attitudes, and in particular implicit prejudice, bias people’s perceptions of the facial emotion displayed by others. To test this hypothesis, we employed a facial emotion change-detection task in which European American participants detected the offset (Study 1) or onset (Stu ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 81 (5 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
We propose that social attitudes, and in particular implicit prejudice, bias people’s perceptions of the facial emotion displayed by others. To test this hypothesis, we employed a facial emotion change-detection task in which European American participants detected the offset (Study 1) or onset (Study 2) of facial anger in both Black and White targets. Higher implicit (but not explicit) prejudice was associ-ated with a greater readiness to perceive anger in Black faces, but neither explicit nor implicit prejudice predicted anger perceptions regarding similar White faces. This pattern indicates that European Americans high in implicit racial prejudice are biased to perceive threatening affect in Black but not White faces, suggesting that the deleterious effects of stereotypes may take hold extremely early in social interaction. The human face is central to social interaction and thus is of pri-mary importance in social perception. Considering the inherently so-cial nature of face perception, surprisingly little research has investigated
Stereotyping and Evaluation in Implicit Race Bias: Evidence for Independent Constructs and Unique Effects on Behavior
"... Implicit stereotyping and prejudice often appear as a single process in behavior, yet functional neuroanatomy suggests that they arise from fundamentally distinct substrates associated with semantic versus affective memory systems. On the basis of this research, the authors propose that implicit ste ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 80 (8 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Implicit stereotyping and prejudice often appear as a single process in behavior, yet functional neuroanatomy suggests that they arise from fundamentally distinct substrates associated with semantic versus affective memory systems. On the basis of this research, the authors propose that implicit stereotyping reflects cognitive processes and should predict instrumental behaviors such as judgments and impression formation, whereas implicit evaluation reflects affective processes and should predict consummatory behaviors, such as interpersonal preferences and social distance. Study 1 showed the independence of participants ’ levels of implicit stereotyping and evaluation. Studies 2 and 3 showed the unique effects of implicit stereotyping and evaluation on self-reported and behavioral responses to African Americans using double-dissociation designs. Implications for construct validity, theory development, and research design are discussed.
Neural signals for the detection of unintentional race bias
- Psychological Science
, 2004
"... by jocelyn stoller on September 6, 2012pss.sagepub.comDownloaded from ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 69 (22 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
by jocelyn stoller on September 6, 2012pss.sagepub.comDownloaded from
Automatic social behavior as motivated preparation to interact
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2006
"... The authors propose that automatic social behavior may result from perceivers preparing to interact with primed social group members. In Study 1, participants primed with a disliked outgroup (gay men) showed evidence of interaction preparation (aggression) rather than direct stereotypic trait expres ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 44 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
The authors propose that automatic social behavior may result from perceivers preparing to interact with primed social group members. In Study 1, participants primed with a disliked outgroup (gay men) showed evidence of interaction preparation (aggression) rather than direct stereotypic trait expression (passivity). In Study 2, participants with implicit positive attitudes toward the elderly walked more slowly after “elderly ” priming, but participants with negative attitudes walked more quickly, results consistent with a preparatory account; the reverse was found priming “youth. ” Study 3 demonstrated that the accessibility of a primed category follows a pattern more consistent with that of goal-related constructs (including post-goal-fulfillment inhibition) than that of semantically primed constructs. Implications for the function of stored knowledge are discussed.
Seeing race and seeming racist? Evaluating strategic colorblindness in social interaction
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2008
"... One strategy practiced by many Whites to regulate the appearance of prejudice during social interaction is to avoid talking about race, or even acknowledging racial difference. Four experiments involving a dyadic task investigated antecedents and consequences of this tendency. Observed colorblindnes ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 36 (4 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
One strategy practiced by many Whites to regulate the appearance of prejudice during social interaction is to avoid talking about race, or even acknowledging racial difference. Four experiments involving a dyadic task investigated antecedents and consequences of this tendency. Observed colorblindness was strategic in nature: Whites ’ acknowledgment of race was highly susceptible to normative pressure and most evident among individuals concerned with self-presentational aspects of appearing biased (Study 1). However, this tendency was often counterproductive, as avoiding race during interracial interaction predicted negative nonverbal behavior (Study 1), a relationship mediated by decreased capacity to exert inhibitory control (Study 2). Two studies examining White and Black observers ’ impressions of colorblind behavior revealed divergent assessments of actors ’ prejudice in situations where race was clearly relevant (Study 3) but convergent assessments when race was less relevant (Study 4). Practical and theoretical implications for interracial interaction are considered.
Color blindness and interracial interaction: Playing the political correctness game
- Psychological Science
, 2006
"... ABSTRACT—Two experiments explored the ramifications of endorsing color blindness as a strategy for appearing unprejudiced. In Study 1, Whites proved adept at categorizing faces on the basis of race, but understated their ability to do so. In Study 2, Whites playing the Political Correctness Game—a m ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 36 (9 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
ABSTRACT—Two experiments explored the ramifications of endorsing color blindness as a strategy for appearing unprejudiced. In Study 1, Whites proved adept at categorizing faces on the basis of race, but understated their ability to do so. In Study 2, Whites playing the Political Correctness Game—a matching task that requires describing other individuals—were less likely to use race as a descriptor when paired with a Black partner than when paired with a White partner, a strategy that impaired communication and performance. In addition, avoidance of race was associated with Whites making less eye contact with and appearing less friendly toward Black partners. In many conversations, people are called upon to describe others solely on the basis of their appearance: Who was it that showed up late for the meeting? Which character in the movie said that? The new guy—what does he look like again? In such cases, the best information to use is that which is most diagnostic in distinguishing the target from other individuals—for example, hair color, height, gender, and race. We propose (and anecdotal experience suggests) that people vary in their willingness to use certain descriptors: Although having red hair and being Black might be equally diagnostic in a particular setting, we suggest that many individuals are more reluctant to use race than hair color in their descriptions. The present investigation explored how White individuals behave in situations in which the desire to appear unprejudiced leads to efforts to appear color-blind. Why would simply mentioning someone’s race serve as evidence of bias? There is, after all, nothing inherently racist about Address correspondence to Michael I. Norton, Harvard Business
What moderates implicit– explicit consistency
- European Review of Social Psychology
, 2005
"... Implicit and explicit indicators of attitudes or personality traits are positively, and variably, related. This review places the question of implicit – explicit consistency into the tradition of attitude/trait – behaviour consistency (e.g., Wicker, 1969). Drawing on dual-process models, such as the ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 35 (12 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Implicit and explicit indicators of attitudes or personality traits are positively, and variably, related. This review places the question of implicit – explicit consistency into the tradition of attitude/trait – behaviour consistency (e.g., Wicker, 1969). Drawing on dual-process models, such as the recent distinction between associative and propositional representations (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), we identify a working model of implicit – explicit consistency that organises the empirical evidence on implicit – explicit moderation into five factors: translation between implicit and explicit representations (e.g., representational strength, awareness), additional information integration for explicit representations (e.g., need for cognition), properties of explicit assessment (e.g., social desirability concerns), properties of implicit assessment (e.g., situational malleability), and research design factors (e.g., sampling bias, measurement correspondence). A significant proportion of psychological research over the last three decades concerns the automatic nature of information processing (Bargh, 1997; Khilstrom, 1999; Wegner & Bargh, 1998). Theory and empirical data have broadened notions of core psychological concepts like attitudes, stereotypes, self-concept, goals, personality, and self-esteem to include not Correspondence should be addressed to Wilhelm Hofmann, Fachbereich 8- Psychologie
Loving-kindness meditation increases social connectedness
- Emotion
, 2008
"... The need for social connection is a fundamental human motive, and it is increasingly clear that feeling socially connected confers mental and physical health benefits. However, in many cultures, societal changes are leading to growing social distrust and alienation. Can feelings of social connection ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 35 (3 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
The need for social connection is a fundamental human motive, and it is increasingly clear that feeling socially connected confers mental and physical health benefits. However, in many cultures, societal changes are leading to growing social distrust and alienation. Can feelings of social connection and positivity toward others be increased? Is it possible to self-generate these feelings? In this study, the authors used a brief loving-kindness meditation exercise to examine whether social connection could be created toward strangers in a controlled laboratory context. Compared with a closely matched control task, even just a few minutes of loving-kindness meditation increased feelings of social connection and positivity toward novel individuals on both explicit and implicit levels. These results suggest that this easily implemented technique may help to increase positive social emotions and decrease social isolation.
From American city to Japanese village: A cross-cultural investigation of implicit race attitudes.
- Child Development,
, 2006
"... This study examined the development of implicit race attitudes in American and Japanese children and adults. Implicit ingroup bias was present early in both populations, and remained stable at each age tested (age 6, 10, and adult). Similarity in magnitude and developmental course across these 2 po ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 28 (5 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
This study examined the development of implicit race attitudes in American and Japanese children and adults. Implicit ingroup bias was present early in both populations, and remained stable at each age tested (age 6, 10, and adult). Similarity in magnitude and developmental course across these 2 populations suggests that implicit intergroup bias is an early-emerging and fundamental aspect of human social cognition. However, implicit race attitudes toward favored outgroups are more positive in older than in younger participants, indicating that ''cultural prestige'' enjoyed by a group moderates implicit bias as greater knowledge of group status is acquired. These results demonstrate (a) the ready presence, (b) early cultural invariance, and (c) subsequent cultural moderation of implicit attitudes toward own and other groups.
The space between us: Stereotype threat and distance in interracial contexts
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2008
"... Four studies investigate the role that stereotype threat plays in producing racial distancing behavior in an anticipated conversation paradigm. It was hypothesized that the threat of appearing racist may have the ironic effect of causing Whites to distance themselves from Black conversation partners ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 23 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Four studies investigate the role that stereotype threat plays in producing racial distancing behavior in an anticipated conversation paradigm. It was hypothesized that the threat of appearing racist may have the ironic effect of causing Whites to distance themselves from Black conversation partners. In Study 1, participants distanced themselves more from Black partners under conditions of threat, and this distance correlated with the activation of a “White racist ” stereotype. In Study 2, it was demonstrated that Whites’ interracial distancing behavior was not predicted by explicit or implicit prejudice. Study 3 provides evidence that conceiving of interracial interactions as opportunities to learn may attenuate the negative consequences of threat for Whites. Study 4 found that Whites have conscious access to their experience of stereotype threat and that this awareness may mediate the relationship between threat and distance. These results are discussed within a broader discourse of racial distancing and the possibility that certain identity threats may be as important as prejudice in determining the outcomes of interracial interactions.
