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...ard to the role of personal expectancies, our findings are consistent with previous work, suggesting that personal expectancies may guide and direct desired emotional experiences (Eid & Diener, 2001; =-=Mitmansgruber, Beck, Hofer, & Schubler, 2009-=-). As such, personal expectations not to feel negative emotions may actually increase life satisfaction. It is important to note that we do not find any relationship between personal expectancies and ...

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...ing, then I will accept this fact and gently redirect my attention toward breathing’’). The use of implicational intentions helps to regulate the executive functions in order to attain and maintain a state of mindfulness for the whole time of practice. 4.2.2. Meta-experiences related to mindfulness (MME) Metacognitive experiences could manifest themselves in several different forms: (1) as vague, transient and elusive metafeelings (e.g. the ‘‘tip of the tongue’’ phenomenon; see Norman, Price, & Duff, 2010), (2) meta-emotions – secondary emotional reactions to emotions experienced earlier (see Mitmansgruber, Beck, Höfer, & Schüßler, 2009) or (3) self-related emotions that have as an object the self as a whole (see Tracy & Robins, 2007). They appear when the content of experience is monitored and interpreted on the basis of beliefs stored in meta-cognitive knowledge. For example, meta-angry experienced as an emotional reaction to fear may come up when the primary emotion (fear) is evaluated as undesirable and interfering. The presented model posits that in a mindful state both an enhanced monitoring of the ongoing experience and operation of mindfulness specific metacognitive beliefs occur. In a similar vein, metacognitive exp...

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...y feel and think about their own and their children’s emotions, which in turn affects the way they approach emotions in everyday life [11]. Thus it refers to one’s emotions about one’s emotional experience or others’ emotional experience. Metaemotion refers to the idea that when an emotion is elicited, secondary emotions follow based on how the primary emotion is perceived or experienced. Following are some of the other definitions of metaemotion: American Journal of Educational Research 664 Mitmansgruber and Beck (2009) defined metaemotion as “Emotional reactions about one’s ‘emotional self” [12]. Bartsch, Appel & Storch (2010) described it as “Emotions that have other emotions as their appraisal object.” [1]. 4. Strategies A Strategy according to Oxford Dictionary is understood as, “a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or overall aim.” Chamot, 2004 refers to Learning strategies as the conscious thoughts and actions that learners take in order to achieve a learning goal [2]. Therefore, as described by O’Malley and Chamot (1987), metacognition strategies are those that involve executive processes in planning for learning, monitoring one’s comprehension and production, and e...

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...isites of resilience. Sensitivity and responsiveness require openness to reality and meta-cognitive as well as meta-emotional skills, as described in mindfulness practice and acceptance interventions =-=[30, 31]-=-. The practice of mindfulness, defined by Kabat-Zinn as “‘paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally” [32; p.145], has been shown to be associated wit...

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...isites of resilience. Sensitivity and responsiveness require openness to reality and meta-cognitive as well as meta-emotional skills, as described in mindfulness practice and acceptance interventions =-=[30, 31]-=-. The practice of mindfulness, defined by Kabat-Zinn as “‘paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally” [32; p.145], has been shown to be associated wit...