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...agmatically deviant about saying ‘quacking ducks’: it seems to indicate either ducks that are actively quacking at this moment, or perhaps ducks that quack more often than usual, etc. Such locutions might implicate something other than the stereotype of the head noun, and therefore, can produce judgments that are somewhat lower than the baseline condition (A). We call this condition the ‘Gricean’ condition because the very act of modification implicates an interpretation of the head noun that deviates from the stereotype of the head noun, which is reminiscent of Grice’s cooperative principle (Grice, 1975) that a speaker cooperates with his interlocutor by providing just enough information (neither too much nor too little) to be maximally informative. Condition C replaces the prototypical modifier with a non-prototypical modifier, and condition D adds an additional modifier to the one in condition C. The nonprototypical modifiers in conditions C and D were chosen using the strict criterion that they did not appear on the list of feature norms and on the more subjective basis that they should increase uncertainty as to the derivation of the noun phrase. That is, our aim was that the interpretati...

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... distinguished from conversational implicatures in that in the former case "the conventional meaning of the words," as opposed to general conversational principles, will determine what is im=-=plicated (Grice, 1975-=-, p. 66). Karttunen and Peters focus on cases like the following: (26) a. John managed to solve the problem. b. John didn't manage to solve the problem. (27) It was difficult for John to solve the pro...

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...o the manager's decisions. The manager will follow the reasonable assumption (when receiving information from a knowledgeable other) that all information provided is relevant to the task at hand (see =-=Grice, 1975-=-; Sperber & Wilson, 1986). The same is true in experiments. Not wanting to appear foolish, accountable respondents try to make use of all information given to them by the experimenter (Tetlock & Boett...

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...ited than more socially constructed attitudes and behaviors (e.g., which jokes are funny; see Morkes, Kernal, & Nass, 2000). Rules that are used frequently (e.g., conversational politeness norms; see =-=Grice, 1967-=-) are more likely to be mindlessly elicited than rules that are used rarely (e.g., what to say when someone is exhibiting strong emotions). Social behaviors that are uniquely directed at members of a ...

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...above semantic validity claims, even the practical claims, are different from pragmatics. Pragmatic claims would be based on considerations such as the Gricean maxims of manner, quality, and quantity =-=[7]-=-. For example, a pragmatic claim basis for permit might be that the receiver desires or intends the content that is being permitted. Some of the pragmatic constraints would be the public versions of t...

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...lex than the less informativesexpression. The essence of this pragmatic rule was formulated in Horns(1972) and Atlas & Levinson (1981); it can be derived from the first partsof the maxim of Quantity (=-=Grice 1967-=-, 'make your contribution assinformative as is required'), with the maxims of Quality ('do not say thatsfor which you lack adequate evidence') and Relevance ('be brief) assinteracting principles. In s...