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...toring of mental content is potentially disturbing for reaching a desired goal (Wegner, 1994; Wenzlaff & Wegner, 2000). The second source of evidence comes from the Bargh and his colleagues’ work on a role of automaticity in human functioning. The results of studies conducted by them suggest that control processes – traditionally regarded as conscious – often run unconsciously (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999). Particularly, in the area of motivation – studies show that goal activation proceeds without conscious intention and people often behave according to the goals they are not aware (Bargh, 2003; Bargh & Morsella, 2010). This empirical evidence suggests that metacognition, which includes monitoring and control may be at least partially unconscious. However, in our view, the higher the level of metacognition, the more conscious processes are involved. Important implication of putting mindfulness on the highest level of meta-cognition is that mindful state is always conscious. It means that person – when mindful – is aware of being aware, and is able to report not only a content of current consciousness but also the metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive experiences related to mindfulness. Thus, practicing ...

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... He writes: “I am not author of, but hostage to, the processes that, for example, transform the raw primal sketch into the full primal sketch” (155). But even this understanding of epistemic authority needs further refinement. In what sense am I the author of the (personal-level) process of perceiving? Or am I not, at least often, hostage to certain thoughts, emotions, and even decision-making processes? (See, for instance, Miller 1962; Neisser 1967; Latané and Darley 1970; Isen and Levin 1972; Carver et al. 1983; Bargh et al. 1996; Bargh and Ferguson 2000; Fazio 2001; Keizer et al. 2008; and Bargh and Morsella 2009.) Would we, then, discount those thoughts, emotions, and decision-making processes as personal? I think not. The above considerations can be summarized in the form of a dilemma: either there is a correlation between epistemic authority over a personal-level cognitive processes and ownership of such a process, or there is not. If the former, then certain paradigmatic cognitive processes such as remembering or thinking would no longer be taken to be personal-level cognitive processes. Such a result, however, undermines the value of the notion of epistemic authority. If the latter, then the fact...

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...itzer, LeeChai, Barndollar, & Trotschel, 2001). Similarly, multiple goals may be active at once without the person’s awareness of all or some of the goals (Bargh, 1990, 2006; Bargh & Chartrand, 1999; =-=Bargh & Morsella, 2010-=-; Fishbach & Ferguson, 2007; Förster et al., 2007; Kruglanski et al., 2002). Empirical Evidence Sequential Goal Pursuit Goal shielding represents the mechanism for the initiation of sequential goal pu...

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...t is as atypical regarding the nuts and bolts of intelligent behavior as are the computerized, GPS-based navigational systems in today’s automobiles atypical with respect to how automobiles locomote (=-=Bargh & Morsella, 2010-=-). The vast majority of the processes in the brain are unconscious (Gray, 2004), and the nature of the few that are conscious are founded themselves on unconscious processing. Next we delineate how co...

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...g in a car).sBehaviors also differ in the degree to which they may be considered guided bysconscious awareness. Bargh and others have documented behavior that is not thesresult of conscious guidance (=-=Bargh & Morsella, 2010-=-). For example, work by Chartrandsand Bargh on behavioral mimicry has shown that people copy (or “ape”) the actions ofsothers without conscious awareness of doing so (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999). Thesade...

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...berate readiness for change (Prochaskas& DiClemente, 1983), emerging findings from social psychology suggest that regulation of behavior can operate independentlysof conscious selection and guidance (=-=Bargh & Morsella, 2010-=-). This evidence has come from studies using priming techniquessbased on activation of relevant mental representations by external environmental stimuli (Bargh & Chartrand, 2000). Research onsautomati...

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...berate readiness for change (Prochaskas& DiClemente, 1983), emerging findings from social psychology suggest that regulation of behavior can operate independentlysof conscious selection and guidance (=-=Bargh & Morsella, 2010-=-). This evidence has come from studies using priming techniquessbased on activation of relevant mental representations by external environmental stimuli (Bargh & Chartrand, 2000). Research onsautomati...