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...ing (e.g., anxiety, depression, hostility) and physical health, increasing research also suggests that a protective relationship exists between positive psychological functioning and physical health (=-=Diener & Chan, 2011-=-; Pressman & Cohen, 2005). Because the effects of psychological well-being and psychological ill-being are not merely opposites of one another and the absence of one does not necessarily indicate the ...

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...and Lyubomirsky 2007), cardiovascular disease (Boehm and Kubzansky 2012), career outcomes and social relationships (Lyubomirsky, King, and Diener 2005; Pressman and Cohen 2005), as well as longevity (=-=Diener and Chan 2011-=-). For example, college students who reported higher levels of cheerfulness also had higher incomes, greater job satisfaction, and less unemployment 19 years later (Diener et al. 2002). Subjective wel...

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...ail: lberkman@hsph.harvard.edu Introduction High subjective well-being (SWB) is associated with many desirable outcomes such as positive development among young adults [1], healthier and longer lives =-=[2]-=- and democratic attitudes [3]. Research suggests that social capital and subjective well-being are correlated. Evidence shows that social trust and social support are associated with life satisfaction...

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...to positive psychological functioning are potent for enhancing and fostering subjective and physical well-being (e.g. Brutsche et al., 2008; Chida & Steptoe, 2008; Davidson, Mostofsky, & Whang, 2010; =-=Diener & Chan, 2011-=-; Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005; Mazzuchelli, Kane, & Rees, 2010; Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009). One of the research directions that positive psychology has revived lately is the study of character...

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...has been almost entirely concerned with the analysis and treatment of depression. But research over the past twenty-five years has shown that positive and negative states of mind can have independent sources and consequences. Not only do positive and negative states of mind have different biological markers (Steptoe et al 2005), but they have different impacts on health outcomes. More importantly, positive states of mind provide a more important buffer against future bad health outcomes ranging from the common cold (Cohen et al 2003) through a wide range of sources of morbidity and mortality (Diener & Chan 2011). Although most prospective studies have involved measures of positive and negative affect (Chida & Steptoe 2008), in those cases where life satisfaction has been measured it also predicts longer lives (for Finnish males, see Koivumaa-Honkanen et al 2000). Humans are inherently social and altruistic Cross-sectional studies have consistently shown strong correlations between various measures of the existence and strength of social ties and subjective well-being (e.g. Helliwell and Putnam 2004, Helliwell et al 2010). Causal linkages in these cases almost surely run in both directions. However, w...

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...vity precedes and predicts family adjustment at Time 2, while controlling for baseline family adjustment, make plausible the assertion that maternal positivity influences family adjustment over time (=-=Diener and Chan 2011-=-). However, controlling for family adjustment at Time 1, in the study of predictors of family adjustment at Time 2, does reduce the amount of variability in the dependent variable left to be explained...

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...f the largest determinants of subjective well-being (SWB) in rural Ethiopia. In a wider context, our results are consistent with the literature, which demonstrates that SWB is correlated with stress (=-=Diener & Chan, 2011-=-) and weather shocks (Carroll et al., 2009). However, we also show that the magnitude of this effect on the well-being of smallholder farmers in rural Ethiopia is unprecedented, and identify a separat...