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Energy-Aware Wireless Microsensor Networks
- IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
, 2002
"... This article describes architectural and algorithmic approaches that designers can use to enhance the energy awareness of wireless sensor networks. The article starts off with an analysis of the power consumption characteristics of typical sensor node architectures and identifies the various factors ..."
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Cited by 286 (1 self)
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This article describes architectural and algorithmic approaches that designers can use to enhance the energy awareness of wireless sensor networks. The article starts off with an analysis of the power consumption characteristics of typical sensor node architectures and identifies the various factors that affect system lifetime. We then present a suite of techniques that perform aggressive energy optimization while targeting all stages of sensor network design, from individual nodes to the entire network. Maximizing network lifetime requires the use of a well-structured design methodology, which enables energy -aware design and operation of all aspects of the sensor network, from the underlying hardware platform to the application software and network protocols. Adopting such a holistic approach ensures that energy awareness is incorporated not only into individual sensor nodes but also into groups of communicating nodes and the entire sensor network. By following an energy-aware design methodology based on techniques such as in this article, designers can enhance network lifetime by orders of magnitude.
A survey of energy efficient network protocols for wireless networks
- Wireless Networks
, 2001
"... Abstract. Wireless networking has witnessed an explosion of interest from consumers in recent years for its applications in mobile and personal communications. As wireless networks become an integral component of the modern communication infrastructure, energy efficiency will be an important design ..."
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Cited by 266 (1 self)
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Abstract. Wireless networking has witnessed an explosion of interest from consumers in recent years for its applications in mobile and personal communications. As wireless networks become an integral component of the modern communication infrastructure, energy efficiency will be an important design consideration due to the limited battery life of mobile terminals. Power conservation techniques are commonly used in the hardware design of such systems. Since the network interface is a significant consumer of power, considerable research has been devoted to low-power design of the entire network protocol stack of wireless networks in an effort to enhance energy efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of recent work addressing energy efficient and low-power design within all layers of the wireless network protocol stack.
Adaptive Frame Length Control for Improving Wireless Link Throughput, Range, and Energy Efficiency
, 1998
"... Wireless network links are characterized by rapidly time varying channel conditions and battery energy limitations at the wireless mobile user nodes. Therefore static link control techniques that make sense in comparatively well behaved wired links do not necessarily apply to wireless links. New ..."
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Cited by 125 (3 self)
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Wireless network links are characterized by rapidly time varying channel conditions and battery energy limitations at the wireless mobile user nodes. Therefore static link control techniques that make sense in comparatively well behaved wired links do not necessarily apply to wireless links. New adaptive link layer control techniques are needed to provide robust and energy efficient operation even in the presence of orders of magnitude variations in bit error rates and other radio channel conditions. For example, recent research has advocated adaptive link layer techniques such as adaptive error control [Lettieri97], channel state dependent protocols [Bhagwat96, Fragouli97], and variable spreading gain [Chien97]. In this paper we explore one such adaptive technique: dynamic sizing of the MAC layer frame, the atomic unit that is sent through the radio channel. A trade-off exists between the desire to reduce header and physical layer overhead by making frames large, and th...
MiSer: An optimal low-energy transmission strategy for
- In Proc. of the ACM/IEEE Intl. Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking
, 2003
"... Reducing the energy consumption by wireless communication devices is perhaps the most important issue in the widely-deployed and exponentially-growing IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs (WLANs). TPC (Transmit Power Control) and PHY (physical layer) rate adaptation have been recognized as two most effective w ..."
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Cited by 99 (5 self)
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Reducing the energy consumption by wireless communication devices is perhaps the most important issue in the widely-deployed and exponentially-growing IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs (WLANs). TPC (Transmit Power Control) and PHY (physical layer) rate adaptation have been recognized as two most effective ways to achieve this goal. The emerging 802.11h standard, which is an extension to the current 802.11 MAC and the high-speed 802.11a PHY, will provide a structured means to support intelligent TPC. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme, called MiSer, that minimizes the communication energy consumption in 802.11a/h systems by combining TPC with PHY rate adaptation. The key idea is to compute offline an optimal rate-power combination table, and then at runtime, a wireless station determines the most energyefficient transmission strategy for each data frame by a simple table lookup. Another key contribution of this paper is to provide a rigorous analysis of the relation among different radio ranges and TPC’s effect on the interference in 802.11a/h systems, which justifies MiSer’s approach to ameliorating the TPC-caused interference by transmitting the CTS frames at a stronger power level. Our simulation results show that MiSer delivers about 20 % more data per unit of energy consumption than the PHY rate adaptation scheme without TPC, while outperforming single-rate TPC schemes significantly thanks to the excellent energy-saving capability of PHY rate adaptation.
Low-Power Wireless Sensor Networks
- In VLSI Design
, 2001
"... Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable fault tolerant monitoring and control of a variety of applications. Due to the large number of microsensor nodes that may be deployed and the long required system lifetimes, replacing the battery is not an option. Sensor systems must utilize the m ..."
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Cited by 61 (1 self)
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Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable fault tolerant monitoring and control of a variety of applications. Due to the large number of microsensor nodes that may be deployed and the long required system lifetimes, replacing the battery is not an option. Sensor systems must utilize the minimal possible energy while operating over a wide range of operating scenarios. This paper presents an overview of the key technologies required for low-energy distributed microsensors. These include power aware computation/communication component technology, low-energy signaling and networking, system partitioning considering computation and communication trade-offs, and a power aware software infrastructure. I. INTRODUCTION The designof micropower wireless sensor systems has gained increasing importancefm a varietyof civil and military applications. With recent advances in MEMS technology and its associatedinterf aces, signal processing, and RF circuitry, thefk"' hasshif " awayf rom limi...
Design and analysis of low-power access protocols for wireless and mobile ATM networks
, 1998
"... This paper describes the design and analysis of a low-power medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless/mobile ATM networks. The protocol -- denoted EC-MAC (energy conserving medium access control) -- is designed to support different traffic types with quality-of-service (QoS) provisions. T ..."
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Cited by 56 (10 self)
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This paper describes the design and analysis of a low-power medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless/mobile ATM networks. The protocol -- denoted EC-MAC (energy conserving medium access control) -- is designed to support different traffic types with quality-of-service (QoS) provisions. The network is based on the infrastructure model where a base station (BS) serves all the mobiles currently in its cell. A reservation-based approach is proposed, with appropriate scheduling of the requests from the mobiles. This strategy is utilized to accomplish the dual goals of reduced energy consumption and quality of service provision over wireless links. A priority round robin with dynamic reservation update and error compensation scheduling algorithm is used to schedule the transmission requests of the mobiles. Discrete-event simulation has been used to study the performance of the protocol. A comparison of energy consumption of the EC-MAC to a number of other protocols is provided. This comparison indicates the EC-MAC has, in general, better energy consumption characteristics. Performance analysis of the proposed protocol with respect to different quality-of-service parameters using video, audio and data traffic models is provided
Energy efficiency of media access protocols for mobile data networks
- IEEE Trans. Commun
, 1998
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A Survey of Techniques for Energy Efficient On-Chip Communication
- Communication,” Proceedings of Design Automation Conference
, 2003
"... Interconnects have been shown to be a dominant source of energy consumption in modern day System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. With a large (and growing) number of electronic systems being designed with battery considerations in mind, minimizing the energy consumed in on-chip interconnects becomes crucial. ..."
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Cited by 42 (0 self)
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Interconnects have been shown to be a dominant source of energy consumption in modern day System-on-Chip (SoC) designs. With a large (and growing) number of electronic systems being designed with battery considerations in mind, minimizing the energy consumed in on-chip interconnects becomes crucial. Further, the use of nanometer technologies is making it increasingly important to consider reliability issues during the design of SoC communication architectures. Continued supply voltage scaling has led to decreased noise margins, making interconnects more susceptible to noise sources such as crosstalk, power supply noise, radiation induced defects, etc. The resulting transient faults cause the interconnect to behave as an unreliable transport medium for data signals. Therefore, fault tolerant communication mechanisms, such as Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC), etc., which have been widely used in the networking community, are likely to percolate to the SoC domain.
Performance Comparison of Battery Power Consumption in Wireless Multiple Access Protocols
, 1999
"... this paper addresses energy efficiency in medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless networks. The paper develops a framework to study the energy consumption of a MAC protocol from the transceiver usage perspective. This framework is then applied to compare the performance of a set of pr ..."
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Cited by 34 (2 self)
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this paper addresses energy efficiency in medium access control (MAC) protocols for wireless networks. The paper develops a framework to study the energy consumption of a MAC protocol from the transceiver usage perspective. This framework is then applied to compare the performance of a set of protocols that includes IEEE 802.11, EC-MAC, PRMA, MDR-TDMA, and DQRUMA ***
