Citation Context

...them all. Later we will describe research indicating that the posterior parietal cortex playss16 10/2/03 a major role in maintaining problem state. There is abundant research (Koechlin, et al., 2000; =-=Smith & Jonides, 1999-=-) indicating that prefrontal regions also play an important role in maintaining the goal state (frequently called working memory) and Figure 1 associates the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with goal m...

Citation Context

...ome interfactor correlations (Fabrigar, Wegener, MacCullum, & Strahan, 1999). UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS 55 (e.g., Baddeley, 1996; Logan, 1985; Lyon & Krasnegor, 1996; Rabbitt, 1997a; =-=Smith & Jonides, 1999-=-). We chose to focus on these three functions for several reasons. First, they seem to be relatively circumscribed, lower level functions (in comparison to some other often postulated executive functi...

Citation Context

...less, and the development of a new species would have to start from scratch. But this is not how evolution works. Other evidence in favor of the inhibitor option comes from studies of people with various disorders. Stronger than normal effects of perception on behavior can be observed in aphasia, apraxia, low-rate mental deficiency, epilepsy and catatonic states (Prinz, 1990; Stengel, Vienna, & Edin, 1947), conditions in which the ability to control or inhibit thought and action is impaired. Frontal lobe damage is also associated with diminished inhibitory functioning (e.g., Passingham, 1993; Smith & Jonides, 1999) and indeed, frontal lobe patients are characterized by relatively direct and uncontrolled effects of perception on behavior (Lhermitte, 1983). When they see water, they drink. When they see a grilled lobster, they eat, even when this is obviously inappropriate. In other words, removing the capacity for inhibition increases the effect of perception on behavior. These findings contradict the facilitator option because explaining them in terms of facilitation would require the absurd assumption that the effects are due to better facilitatory capacities among frontal lobe patients. The perception...

Citation Context

...C) that implement control processes and subcortical and posterior cortical regions that encode and represent specific kinds of information (Miller & Cohen, 2001; Knight, Staines, Swick, & Chao, 1999; =-=Smith & Jonides, 1999-=-). By increasing or decreasing activation of particular representations, prefrontal regions enable one to selectively attend to and maintain goal-relevant information in mind and resist interference (...

Citation Context

...rding ACC functioning in cognition is in contrast to the view that it implements a top-down control function, such as selection (Turken & Swick, 1999; Posner & Petersen, 1990) or response inhibition (=-=Smith & Jonides, 1999-=-; George et al., 1994). It bears more resemblance to (though it is distinct from) theories that assign other monitoring algorithms to this area, notably, the detection of overt errors based on a compa...

Citation Context

...ctions of the central executive, basing their selection of tasks on lower level functions that had previously been proposed for the central executive by various theorists (e.g., Baddeley, 1996; E. E. =-=Smith & Jonides, 1999-=-). Miyake et al. identified three major functions: 1. Inhibition: “One’s ability to deliberately inhibit dominant, automatic, or prepotent responses when necessary” (p. 57); this involves using attent...

Citation Context

...i that require intensive processing in working memory are processed bilaterally in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D’Esposito et al., 1998; Owen, 1997; E. E. Smith, Marshuetz, & Geva, 2002; E. E. =-=Smith & Jonides, 1999-=-) and that maintenance functions are performed in the ventral prefrontal cortex, with some evidence for specialization of content at this level. The differentiation of short-term memory from working m...

Citation Context

...a et al., 2000; Hopfinger et al., 2000). We explore potential similarities and differences between shifting and orienting attention in the Discussion. As in previous meta-analyses (Phan et al., 2002; =-=Smith and Jonides, 1999-=-; Wager and Smith, 2003; Wager et al., 2003), we analyzed only positive switching activations, as deactivations are inconsistently reported and more difficult to interpret. Classification of peaks int...

Citation Context

... Knight, 2000; Kiehl et al., 2000), among others (Bush et al., 2000). Both the ACC and the lateral parts of the prefrontal cortex are widely believed to play an important part in attentional control (=-=Smith and Jonides, 1999-=-). However, it is still controversial what role exactly is played by these two systems and how they interact with each other (Bush et al., 2000; Gehring and Knight, 2000). 1053-8119/01 $35.00 Copyrigh...