Results 1 - 10
of
401
An integrated theory of the mind
- PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
, 2004
"... There has been a proliferation of proposed mental modules in an attempt to account for different cognitive functions but so far there has been no successful account of their integration. ACT-R (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) has evolved into a theory that consists of multiple modules but also explain ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 780 (73 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
There has been a proliferation of proposed mental modules in an attempt to account for different cognitive functions but so far there has been no successful account of their integration. ACT-R (Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) has evolved into a theory that consists of multiple modules but also explains how they are integrated to produce coherent cognition. The perceptual-motor modules, the goal module, and the declarative memory module are presented as examples of specialized systems in ACT-R. These modules are associated with distinct cortical regions. These modules place chunks in buffers where they can be detected by a production system that responds to patterns of information in the buffers. At any point in time a single production rule is selected to respond to the current pattern. Subsymbolic processes serve to guide the selection of rules to fire as well as the internal operations of some modules. Much of learning involves tuning of these subsymbolic processes. Empirical examples are presented that illustrate the predictions of ACT-R’s modules. In addition, two models of complex tasks are described to illustrate how these modules result in strong predictions when they are brought together. One of these models is concerned with complex patterns of behavioral data in a dynamic task and the other is concerned with fMRI data obtained in a study of symbol manipulation.
The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis
- COGNIT PSYCHOL
, 2000
"... This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions—mental set shifting ("Shifting"), information updating and monitoring ("Updating"), and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")—and their roles in complex ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 696 (9 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions—mental set shifting ("Shifting"), information updating and monitoring ("Updating"), and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")—and their roles in complex "frontal lobe" or "executive" tasks. One hundred thirty-seven college students performed a set of relatively simple experimental tasks that are considered to predominantly tap each target executive function as well as a set of frequently used executive tasks: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of Hanoi (TOH), random number generation (RNG), operation span, and dual tasking. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three target executive functions are moderately correlated with one another, but are clearly separable. Moreover, structural equation modeling suggested that the three functions
The PerceptionBehavior Expressway: Automatic Effects of Social Perception on Social Behavior”,
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,
, 2001
"... ..."
(Show Context)
Rethinking feelings: an FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion.
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,
, 2002
"... ..."
(Show Context)
The timing of action-monitoring processes in the anterior cingulate cortex
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
, 2002
"... & The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to respond to conflict between simultaneously active, incompat-ible response tendencies. This area is active during high-conflict correct trials and also when participants make errors. Here, we use the temporal resolution of high-density event ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 185 (1 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
& The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to respond to conflict between simultaneously active, incompat-ible response tendencies. This area is active during high-conflict correct trials and also when participants make errors. Here, we use the temporal resolution of high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) in combination with source local-ization to investigate the timing of ACC activity during conflict and error detection. We predicted that the same area of the ACC is active prior to high-conflict correct responses and following erroneous responses. Dipole modeling supported this prediction: The frontocentral N2, occurring prior to the response on correct conflict trials, and the ERN, occurring immediately following error responses, could both be modeled as having a generator in the caudal ACC, suggesting the same process to underlie both peaks. Modeling further suggested that the rostral area of the ACC was also active following errors, but later in time, contributing to the error positivity (PE), and peaking at 200–250 msec following the ERN peak. Despite the inherent limitations of source localization, these data may begin to shed light on the timing of action-monitoring processes. First, the time course of caudal ACC activity follows the time course as predicted by the conflict theory of this region. Second, caudal ACC activity might be temporally dissociated from rostral ACC activity during error trials, which possibly reflects a separate, affective component of the evaluative functions of the ACC. &
Anxiety and cognitive performance: The attentional control theory
- Emotion
, 2007
"... Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo’s (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processin ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 144 (4 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Attentional control theory is an approach to anxiety and cognition representing a major development of Eysenck and Calvo’s (1992) processing efficiency theory. It is assumed that anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal-directed attentional system and increases the extent to which processing is influenced by the stimulus-driven attentional system. In addition to decreasing attentional control, anxiety increases attention to threat-related stimuli. Adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency depend on two central executive functions involving attentional control: inhibition and shifting. How-ever, anxiety may not impair performance effectiveness (quality of performance) when it leads to the use of compensatory strategies (e.g., enhanced effort; increased use of processing resources). Directions for future research are discussed.
Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the life span
- Psychology and Aging
, 2002
"... The authors investigated the distinctiveness and interrelationships among visuospatial and verbal memory processes in short-term, working, and long-term memories in 345 adults. Beginning in the 20s, a continuous, regular decline occurs for processing-intensive tasks (e.g., speed of processing, worki ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 132 (9 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
The authors investigated the distinctiveness and interrelationships among visuospatial and verbal memory processes in short-term, working, and long-term memories in 345 adults. Beginning in the 20s, a continuous, regular decline occurs for processing-intensive tasks (e.g., speed of processing, working memory, and long-term memory), whereas verbal knowledge increases across the life span. There is little differentiation in the cognitive architecture of memory across the life span. Visuospatial and verbal working memory are distinct but highly interrelated systems with domain-specific short-term memory subsystems. In contrast to recent neuroimaging data, there is little evidence for dedifferentiation of function at the behavioral level in old compared with young adults. The authors conclude that efforts to connect behavioral and brain data yield a more complete understanding of the aging mind. The present study is a life span approach to understanding visuospatial and verbal working memory and its relationship to long-term memory. It is well-documented that measures of overall cognitive resource such as speed of processing and working memory capacity mediate virtually all age-related variance on higher order cognitive tasks, including long-term memory tasks (Hultsch,
Neuroimaging studies of shifting attention: a meta-analysis. [Meta-Analysis
- Neuroimage
, 2004
"... This paper reports a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of attention shifting and executive processes in working memory. We analyzed peak activation coordinates from 31 fMRI and PET studies of five types of shifting using kernel-based methods [NeuroImage 19 (2003) 513]. Analyses collapsing across ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 103 (18 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
This paper reports a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of attention shifting and executive processes in working memory. We analyzed peak activation coordinates from 31 fMRI and PET studies of five types of shifting using kernel-based methods [NeuroImage 19 (2003) 513]. Analyses collapsing across different types of shifting gave more consistent results overall than analysis within individual types, suggesting a commonality across types of shifting. These areas shared substantial, significant overlap with regions derived from kernel-based analyses of reported peaks for executive processes in working memory (WM). The results suggest that there is a common set of brain regions active in diverse executive control operations, including medial prefrontal, superior and inferior parietal, medial parietal, and premotor cortices. However, within several of these regions, different types of switching produced spatially discriminable activation foci. Precise locations of meta analysis-derived regions from both attention shifting and working memory are defined electronically and may be used as regions of interest in future studies.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Conflict Monitoring, and Levels of Processing
- NEUROIMAGE
, 2001
"... ..."
(Show Context)
Executive Control during Episodic Retrieval: Multiple Prefrontal Processes Subserve Source Memory
, 2002
"... ver, in contrast to the reflective hypothesis, alternative memory). Cognitive theory suggests that, unlike item accounts contend that left ventrolateral PFC activation memory, source memory requires controlled cue results from the successful retrieval of episodic details specification and monitoring ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 94 (8 self)
- Add to MetaCart
ver, in contrast to the reflective hypothesis, alternative memory). Cognitive theory suggests that, unlike item accounts contend that left ventrolateral PFC activation memory, source memory requires controlled cue results from the successful retrieval of episodic details specification and monitoring processes. Functional or operations contingent upon retrieval success (Hen- imaging suggests that such processes may depend son et al., 1999a; Konishi et al., 2000). Thus, at present, on left prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the nature there is considerable uncertainty regarding the nature and possible anatomical segregation of these pro- of left PFC contributions to source memory. cesses remains unknown. Using functional magnetic Cognitive theory and neuropsychological evidence resonance imaging, we isolated distinct response pat- suggest at least two controlled operations that might terns in left PFC during source memory consistent be more involved in source memory than in item memory