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...al peanut consumption during pregnancy and breastfeeding signifi cantly increased the risk of having a peanut-allergic child. However, when the analysis was adjusted for household environmental exposure to peanutprotein products, maternal consumption lost its signifi cance. It is important to underscore that the study by Fox et al was limited to peanut-allergic children that presented with eczema as the predominant manifestation. A murine model has clearly shown that the loss of integrity of the skin as a barrier, as in eczema, is a risk factor for sensitization through environmental exposure [17]. Therefore, inferences from this study are probably not readily applicable to children without eczema. It is probably safe to say that the development of peanut allergy is the result of many potential factors related to genetics, the environment, and immunology that act simultaneously and possibly synergistically [18]. Maternal consumption of soy products during pregnancy and breastfeeding also seemed to be a risk factor in our group. Because soy-protein fractions are known to be homologous to major peanut proteins, cross-sensitization between soy and peanuts cannot be ruled out. Lack et al [...

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...re dispensable for TCI-induced Th2 responses, while dermal Langerin + DCs contribute at least partly to TCI-induced immunogenicity. high Transcutaneous vaccination via laser microporation http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3462999/[19.12.2012 09:04:10] Go to: Go to: Go to: Again, in the absence of adjuvant, TCI proved to be more potent than s.c. injection (Fig. 6C). It has been previously shown that barrier disruption of skin leads to promotion of Th2 type immune responses [63], and uptake of allergen via barrier-disrupted skin is discussed as a major source of allergic sensitization [64,65]. However, by application of suitable adjuvants, such as CpG ODN, this Th2 phenotype could be successfully converted towards a balanced Th1/Th2 response, with concomitant suppression of TCI induced IgE (Fig. 7B and C). This is in line with data showing that CpG ODN prevented Th2 mediated skin inflammation in a model of AD and also could reverse established eosinophilic inflammation [66]. In summary, we demonstrated for the first time that TCI via laser microporation is a potent method for inducing immune responses via the skin. The formation of precise micropores of defined number and depth al...

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...t may, our data may provide a pointer toward a future treatment for skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, in which the skin barrier is often disrupted in chronically stressed patients (Taieb 1999; =-=Strid and Strobel 2005-=-; Wright et al. 2005; Segre 2006). For that reason, the therapeutic significance of green odor inhalation should be verified in the not-too-distant future. However, we should bear in mind the possibil...

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... subcutaneous fat layer. The stratum corneum (part of the skin that forms the junction of the body with the external environment) has been widely investigated by the cosmetic industries for skin care =-=(2, 3)-=-. For example, the role of the stratum corneum in regulating the transepidermal water loss has been investigated (4). It has been reported that under a normal condition, up to 15% of the stratum corne...