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162
Interpolation and SAT-based model checking
, 2003
"... Abstract. We consider a fully SAT-based method of unbounded symbolic model checking based on computing Craig interpolants. In benchmark studies using a set of large industrial circuit verification instances, this method is greatly more efficient than BDD-based symbolic model checking, and compares f ..."
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Cited by 285 (11 self)
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Abstract. We consider a fully SAT-based method of unbounded symbolic model checking based on computing Craig interpolants. In benchmark studies using a set of large industrial circuit verification instances, this method is greatly more efficient than BDD-based symbolic model checking, and compares favorably to some recent SAT-based model checking methods on positive instances. 1
Lazy Satisfiability Modulo Theories
- JOURNAL ON SATISFIABILITY, BOOLEAN MODELING AND COMPUTATION 3 (2007) 141Â224
, 2007
"... Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) is the problem of deciding the satisfiability of a first-order formula with respect to some decidable first-order theory T (SMT (T)). These problems are typically not handled adequately by standard automated theorem provers. SMT is being recognized as increasingl ..."
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Cited by 189 (50 self)
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Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) is the problem of deciding the satisfiability of a first-order formula with respect to some decidable first-order theory T (SMT (T)). These problems are typically not handled adequately by standard automated theorem provers. SMT is being recognized as increasingly important due to its applications in many domains in different communities, in particular in formal verification. An amount of papers with novel and very efficient techniques for SMT has been published in the last years, and some very efficient SMT tools are now available. Typical SMT (T) problems require testing the satisfiability of formulas which are Boolean combinations of atomic propositions and atomic expressions in T, so that heavy Boolean reasoning must be efficiently combined with expressive theory-specific reasoning. The dominating approach to SMT (T), called lazy approach, is based on the integration of a SAT solver and of a decision procedure able to handle sets of atomic constraints in T (T-solver), handling respectively the Boolean and the theory-specific components of reasoning. Unfortunately, neither the problem of building an efficient SMT solver, nor even that
Finding Hard Instances of the Satisfiability Problem: A Survey
, 1997
"... . Finding sets of hard instances of propositional satisfiability is of interest for understanding the complexity of SAT, and for experimentally evaluating SAT algorithms. In discussing this we consider the performance of the most popular SAT algorithms on random problems, the theory of average case ..."
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Cited by 127 (1 self)
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. Finding sets of hard instances of propositional satisfiability is of interest for understanding the complexity of SAT, and for experimentally evaluating SAT algorithms. In discussing this we consider the performance of the most popular SAT algorithms on random problems, the theory of average case complexity, the threshold phenomenon, known lower bounds for certain classes of algorithms, and the problem of generating hard instances with solutions.
An interpolating theorem prover
- In TACAS
, 2004
"... Abstract. We present a method of deriving Craig interpolants from proofs in the quantifier-free theory of linear inequality and uninterpreted function symbols, and an interpolating theorem prover based on this method. The prover has been used for predicate refinement in the Blast software model chec ..."
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Cited by 101 (11 self)
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Abstract. We present a method of deriving Craig interpolants from proofs in the quantifier-free theory of linear inequality and uninterpreted function symbols, and an interpolating theorem prover based on this method. The prover has been used for predicate refinement in the Blast software model checker, and can also be used directly for model checking infinite-state systems, using interpolation-based image approximation. 1
Some Consequences of Cryptographical Conjectures for . . .
, 1995
"... We show that there is a pair of disjoint NP-sets, whose disjointness is provable in S 1 2 and which cannot be separated by a set in P=poly, if the cryptosystem RSA is secure. Further we show that factoring and the discrete logarithm are implicitly definable in any extension of S 1 2 admittin ..."
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Cited by 70 (14 self)
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We show that there is a pair of disjoint NP-sets, whose disjointness is provable in S 1 2 and which cannot be separated by a set in P=poly, if the cryptosystem RSA is secure. Further we show that factoring and the discrete logarithm are implicitly definable in any extension of S 1 2 admitting an NP -definition of primes about which it can prove that no number satisfying the definition is composite. As a corollary we obtain that the Extended Frege (EF) proof system does not admit feasible interpolation theorem unless the RSA cryptosystem is not secure, and that an extension of EF by tautologies p (p primes), formalizing that p is not composite, as additional axioms does not admit feasible interpolation theorem unless factoring and the discrete logarithm are in P=poly . The NP 6= coNP conjecture is equivalent to the statement that no propositional proof system (as defined in [6]) admits polynomial size proofs of all tautologies. However, only for few proof systems occur...
Space Bounds for Resolution
, 2000
"... We introduce a new way to measure the space needed in resolution refutations of CNF formulas in propositional logic. With the former definition [11] the space required for the resolution of any unsatisfiable formula in CNF is linear in the number of clauses. The new definition allows a much finer ..."
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Cited by 65 (3 self)
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We introduce a new way to measure the space needed in resolution refutations of CNF formulas in propositional logic. With the former definition [11] the space required for the resolution of any unsatisfiable formula in CNF is linear in the number of clauses. The new definition allows a much finer analysis of the space in the refutation, ranging from constant to linear space. Moreover, the new definition allows to relate the space needed in a resolution proof of a formula to other well studied complexity measures. It coincides with the complexity of a pebble game in the resolution graphs of a formula, and as we show, has relationships to the size of the refutation. We also give upper and lower bounds on the space needed for the resolution of unsatisfiable formulas. We show that Tseitin formulas associated to a certain kind of expander graphs of n nodes need resolution space n \Gamma c for some constant c. Measured on the number of clauses, this result is the best possible. We also show that the formulas expressing the general Pigeonhole Principle with n holes and more than n pigeons, need space n + 1 independently of the number of pigeons. Since a matching space upper bound of n + 1 for these formulas exist, the obtained bound is exact. We also point to a possible connection between resolution space and resolution width, another measure for the complexity of resolution refutations.
Applications of Craig interpolants in model checking
- In Proceedings of TACAS 2005 [TAC05
"... Abstract. A Craig interpolant for a mutually inconsistent pair of formulas (A, B) is a formula that is (1) implied by A, (2) inconsistent with B, and (3) expressed over the common variables of A and B. An interpolant can be efficiently derived from a refutation of A ∧ B, for certain theories and pr ..."
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Cited by 50 (0 self)
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Abstract. A Craig interpolant for a mutually inconsistent pair of formulas (A, B) is a formula that is (1) implied by A, (2) inconsistent with B, and (3) expressed over the common variables of A and B. An interpolant can be efficiently derived from a refutation of A ∧ B, for certain theories and proof systems. We will discuss a number of applications of this concept in finite-and infinite-state model checking.
Pseudorandom Generators Hard for k-DNF Resolution and Polynomial Calculus. Unpublished
, 2003
"... Abstract A pseudorandom generator Gn : {0, 1} n → {0, 1} m is hard for a propositional proof system P if (roughly speaking) P cannot efficiently prove the statement Gn(x1, . . . , xn) = b for any string b ∈ {0, 1} m . We present a func- ) generator which is hard for Res(ε log n); here Res(k) is the ..."
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Cited by 50 (4 self)
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Abstract A pseudorandom generator Gn : {0, 1} n → {0, 1} m is hard for a propositional proof system P if (roughly speaking) P cannot efficiently prove the statement Gn(x1, . . . , xn) = b for any string b ∈ {0, 1} m . We present a func- ) generator which is hard for Res(ε log n); here Res(k) is the propositional proof system that extends Resolution by allowing k-DNFs instead of clauses. As a direct consequence of this result, we show that whenever t ≥ n 2 , every Res(ε log t) proof of the principle ¬Circuitt(fn) (asserting that the circuit size of a Boolean function fn in n variables is greater than t) must have size exp(t Ω(1) ). In particular, Res(log log N ) (N ∼ 2 n is the overall number of propositional variables) does not possess efficient proofs of NP ⊆ P/poly. Similar results hold also for the system PCR (the natural common extension of Polynomial Calculus and Resolution) when the characteristic of the ground field is different from 2. As a byproduct, we also improve on the small restriction switching lemma due to Segerlind, Buss and Impagliazzo by removing a square root from the final bound. This in particular implies that the (moderately) weak pigeonhole principle PHP 2n n is hard for Res(ε log n/ log log n).
On Interpolation and Automatization for Frege Systems
, 2000
"... The interpolation method has been one of the main tools for proving lower bounds for propositional proof systems. Loosely speaking, if one can prove that a particular proof system has the feasible interpolation property, then a generic reduction can (usually) be applied to prove lower bounds for the ..."
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Cited by 49 (8 self)
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The interpolation method has been one of the main tools for proving lower bounds for propositional proof systems. Loosely speaking, if one can prove that a particular proof system has the feasible interpolation property, then a generic reduction can (usually) be applied to prove lower bounds for the proof system, sometimes assuming a (usually modest) complexity-theoretic assumption. In this paper, we show that this method cannot be used to obtain lower bounds for Frege systems, or even for TC 0 -Frege systems. More specifically, we show that unless factoring (of Blum integers) is feasible, neither Frege nor TC 0 -Frege has the feasible interpolation property. In order to carry out our argument, we show how to carry out proofs of many elementary axioms/theorems of arithmetic in polynomial size TC 0 -Frege. As a corollary, we obtain that TC 0 -Frege as well as any proof system that polynomially simulates it, is not automatizable (under the assumption that factoring of Blum integ...
