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The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: Protective processes and pathways to resilience; Int Rev Psychiatry; (2008)

by T S Betancourt, K T Khan
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H: Posttraumatic resilience in former Ugandan child soldiers. Child Development 2010

by Fionna Klasen, Judith Daniels, Gabriele Oettingen, Manuela Post, Catrin Hoyer, Hubertus Adam, To Claus Barkmann, Monica Blotevogel
"... The present research examines posttraumatic resilience in extremely exposed children and adolescents based on interviews with 330 former Ugandan child soldiers (age = 11–17, female = 48.5%). Despite severe trauma exposure, 27.6 % showed posttraumatic resilience as indicated by the absence of posttra ..."
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The present research examines posttraumatic resilience in extremely exposed children and adolescents based on interviews with 330 former Ugandan child soldiers (age = 11–17, female = 48.5%). Despite severe trauma exposure, 27.6 % showed posttraumatic resilience as indicated by the absence of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and clinically significant behavioral and emotional problems. Among these former child soldiers, posttraumatic resilience was associated with lower exposure to domestic violence, lower guilt cognitions, less motivation to seek revenge, better socioeconomic situation in the family, and more perceived spiritual support. Among the youth with significant psychopathology, many of them had symptoms extending beyond the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, in keeping with the emerging concept of developmental trauma disorder. Implications for future research, intervention, and policy are discussed. I want to get married, buy a bicycle, and put up a building. (13-year-old boy, former child soldier) I want to get a sewing machine so that I keep on making clothes and sell them to get some money. (15-year-old girl, former child soldier) I will be a person who is responsible in the community; I will be an honest person; I will be a person who helps people. (16-year-old boy, former child soldier) Note. Quotations stem from the interviews of the present study. Millions of children around the globe suffer the consequences of armed conflicts. One of the most First and foremost, our gratitude goes to the children at Laroo Boarding School who made this research possible. We extend our gratitude to Malisa Mukanga and Rahel Duresso for their assistance with data collection, to Christophe Bayer for his creative

INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE DIMENSIONS OF RESILIENCE WITHIN POLITICAL VIOLENCE

by Cindy A. Sousa, Muhammad M. Haj-yahia, Guy Feldman, Jessica Lee , 2013
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...n a framework that prioritizes the dynamic interaction betweensindividuals and their social and political environments; seen this way, well-being dependsson both individual and environmental factors (=-=Betancourt & Khan, 2008-=-; Shinn &sToohey, 2003; Ungar, 2011b; World Health Organization, 2008).sThis review details and discusses findings about both individual and communitysresilience within the context of political violen...

Article Individual and Collective Dimensions of Resilience Within Political Violence

by Cindy A. Sousa, Muhammad M. Haj-yahia, Guy Feldman, Jessica Lee
"... Research has documented a link between political violence and the functioning of individuals and communities. Yet, despite the hardships that political violence creates, evidence suggests remarkable fortitude and resilience within both individuals and communities. Individual characteristics that app ..."
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Research has documented a link between political violence and the functioning of individuals and communities. Yet, despite the hardships that political violence creates, evidence suggests remarkable fortitude and resilience within both individuals and communities. Individual characteristics that appear to build resilience against political violence include demographic factors such as gender and age, and internal resources, such as hope, optimism, determination, and religious convictions. Research has also documented the protective influence of individuals ’ connection to community and their involvement in work, school, or political action. Additionally, research on political violence and resilience has increasingly focused on communities themselves as a unit of analysis. Community resilience, like individual resilience, is a process supported by various traits, capacities, and emotional orientations toward hardship. This review addresses various findings related to both individual and community resilience within political violence and offers recommendations for research, practice, and policy.
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...n a framework that prioritizes the dynamic interaction between individuals and their social and political environments; seen this way, well-being depends on both individual and environmental factors (=-=Betancourt & Khan, 2008-=-; Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), 2008; Shinn & Toohey, 2003; Ungar, 2011b. This review details and discusses findings about both individual and community resilience within the con...

FORMERLY ASSOCIATED WITH ARMED FORCES AND ARMED GROUPS: ACCEPTANCE, MARGINALIZATION AND PSYCHOSOCIAL ADJUSTMENT

by T. S. Betancourt, A. Ettien , 2010
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...rmer child soldier reintegrates, or fails to reintegrate,sinto a post-war community.sWar disrupts the life of a developing child at all of these levels – individual, familial,scommunity and societal (=-=Betancourt and Khan, 2008-=-; Boothby, 2006; Bronfenbrenner, 1979;sElbedour, Bensel and Bastien, 1993). Threats include exposure to violence and physicalsinjury or abuse. Family-level threats may include family separation or los...

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - A Northern Uganda Clinical Perspective

by Emilio Ovuga , Carol Larroque
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...f PTSD in the camps (Roberts et al 2008). Published data among various population groups from Northern Uganda suggest high levels of mental health problems including depression, alcohol abuse, anxiety and suicide (Ovuga, 2005; Ovuga et al, 2005a; Ovuga et al, 2005b; Roberts et al, 2008; and Ovuga et al, 2008; Roberts et al, 2009). While poverty, personal loss and war trauma can produce devastating effects on children, not all children in a community will be impacted to the same degree or in the same manner. In fact, some very resilient children flourish in spite of severe adverse experiences (Betancourt and Khan, 2008). While some studies have been done on the emotional well being of specific groups in war affected areas, information about children is scarce, especially information about children less than 12 years of age. Most of the work that has been published was carried out at a time when there remained significant insecurity in the region of Gulu and many individuals feared for their wellbeing. Studies to date that have examined the emotional well being of individuals in northern Uganda have focused on two primary groups: 1) Internally displaced adults living in camps because of the war and 2) former ...

A Time of Running and Fire: War and Evil in

by Kaitlin Dewilde
"... “I will tell you something about stories… They aren’t just entertainment. Don’t be fooled. They are all we have, you see, all we have to fight off ..."
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“I will tell you something about stories… They aren’t just entertainment. Don’t be fooled. They are all we have, you see, all we have to fight off
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...l research on resilience or trauma in wartime focuses primarily and often exclusively on the most extreme cases. Child soldiers, for example, have recently captured a global spotlight (Wessells 2009, =-=Betancourt 2008-=-/2010). These extreme cases are certainly important, but they do not tell the entire story. One notable exception to this trend involves UNICEF’s 2006 study that randomly surveyed 750 male youth, prod...

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by unknown authors
"... This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or sel ..."
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This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit:
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...ir fault.’’ Similar messages were an important part of the community sensitization campaigns carried out in the communities where these young people were returned (Betancourt, Borisova, et al., 2008; =-=Betancourt & Khan, 2008-=-; Stovel, 2008). Despite these external messages, however, the day-to-day interactions of these youth with others in their community reminded them that all was not forgotten. The initial response to t...

I would like to express sincere appreciation and gratitude to the research team for their dedication and

by Amanda Sim , 2011
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the strings’
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... problems in childhood and adolescence (Smokowski, 1998; Masten, 2001). The protective quality of positive family relationships has also been found in children affected by c onflict and displacement (=-=Betancourt & Khan, 2008-=-). Conversely, families can be a source of risk to their children’s well-being and development. Parental aggression, parental distress and family conflict are risk factors for child physical abuse, an...

A Lifetime of Trauma: Mental Health Challenges for Higher Education in a Conflict Environment in Afghanistan

by Mohammed Osman Babury, Fred Manwarren Hayward
"... education policy analysis archives A peer-reviewed, independent, open access, multilingual journal ..."
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education policy analysis archives A peer-reviewed, independent, open access, multilingual journal
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...logy – “thesnurturing physical and emotional environment that includes, and extends beyond, the immediatesfamily to peer, school and community settings, and to cultural and political belief systems”s(=-=Betancourt & Khan, 2008-=-, p. 3). While many young people have benefited from this nurturingsenvironment, for far too many young people that nurturing environment has been disrupted by war:sbreaking up families through destru...

Political Violence and Moral Agency 1 Political Violence and Disruptions in the Development of Moral Agency

by Cecilia Wainryb, Monisha Pasupathi
"... The effects of exposure to long-term political violence on children have been studied largely in terms of adverse mental health outcomes, typically measured in relation to PTSD symptoms. We argue that, for children, the important sequellae of exposure to political violence extend beyond emotional di ..."
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The effects of exposure to long-term political violence on children have been studied largely in terms of adverse mental health outcomes, typically measured in relation to PTSD symptoms. We argue that, for children, the important sequellae of exposure to political violence extend beyond emotional distress to the development of morality. We point to two specific disruptions likely to occur in the development of moral agency, and conclude by outlining future research directions and speculating about implications for policy and intervention.
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