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...g the ZigBee protocol was proposed in [6]. AsParticle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based control algorithmswas put forward in [8] to optimally allocate power tosPHEVs/PEVs at a municipal parking deck. In =-=[9]-=-, wesE This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation,sAward number: EEC-0812121 and this work is a part of an ongoing projectsin collaboration of the FREEDM systems center (Future...

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...d Charging PEVs or PHEVs and their effect on the load of a power system has been investigated by several researchers as part of Smart Grid initiatives and implementations. Most recently, Su et al. in =-=[6]-=- investigated the performance of an estimation distribution algorithm when used to intelligently allocate power to PHEVs which are connected to a power grid of a parking deck. In another example, Gorm...

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...f expanding the approach to support secondary objectives. In contrast, research that proposes methods to reduce peak system demand often use decentralized control approaches. For example, Su and Chow =-=[55]-=- develop an algorithm that could be deployed within EVSEs and provide distributed automated control of charging. Mets et al. [22] also develop approaches for decentralized control but focus specifical...

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...quantities. We assume that the EV’s owner leaves home at 8 A.M. and comes back at 5 P.M. Driving distance is assumed to be 32 miles, which is the average daily travel distance in the U.S. [17], [30], =-=[41]-=-. This is a typical driving pattern [16] in the U.S., which is used to obtain the numerical results in several scenarios below. However, other different driving patterns are also examined where we wil...

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... PEVs, as they increase in popularity, will require system operators to modify existing ancillary service procedures. Several authors have attempted to account for variability in PEV charging on the electric system, however, many of these efforts focus on identifying “optimal” strategies for controlling uncertainty. Clement-Nyns et al. and Acha et al. apply optimization methods to assess control strategies for vehicles charging at a distribution node [11, 15]. Su and Chow developed an algorithm to optimize the distribution of power among several vehicles charging in a single parking structure [16]. Mets et al. examined two different control strategies to reduce peak electricity demand and smooth overall demand from vehicles [17]. To mitigate the potential variability presented by PEV charging, some researchers have proposed that vehicle owners simply notify utilities or system operators of their schedules in advance, thus ensuring vehicle use can be treated as deterministic. For example, Han et al. assumed that vehicle use behavior cannot be readily quantified and that PEV owners would need to provide advance notice before using their vehicles [18]. Stein et al. developed a model for P...

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...flattens the load curve. Ref. [35] used the same GPS data as [20] to predict realistic driving habits and proposes a decision-making process for charging based on a fuzzy-logic system. The authors in =-=[36]-=- proposed an optimal charge management algorithm for a large number of PEVs in a parking lot and compare their optimization algorithm with more traditional methods. Ref. [37] investigated unidirection...

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...tal demand pattern will also have an important impact on the electricity industry due to differences in the needs of the PHEVs parked in the deck at certain time [9]. Proper management can ensure strain minimization of the grid and enhance the transmission and generation of electric power supply. The control of PHEV charging depending on the locations can be classified into two groups: household charging and public charging. The proposed optimization focuses on the public charging station for plug-in vehicles because most of PHEV charging is expected to take place in public charging locations [10]. Wide penetration of PHEVs in the market depends on a well efficient charging infrastructure. The power demand from this new load will put extra stress on the traditional power grid [11]. As a result, a good number of PHEV charging infrastructures with appropriate facilities are essential to be built for recharging electric vehicles; for this some strategies have been proposed by the researchers [12, 13]. Charging stations are needed to be built at workplaces, markets/shopping malls, and home. In [14], authors proposed the necessity of building new smart charging station with effective commun...

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...age is mainly for transportation sector. So it provides sufficient energy to drive the vehicle. In order to maximize the customer satisfaction and minimize the grid disturbance, PHEVs charging station gives the solution for the energy management challenges [7, 8]. An estimation of distribution algorithm to schedule the large number of PHEVs charging in a charging station has been proposed. The method optimizes the energy allocation to the PHEVs in the real time while considering various constraints. This paper has only proposed the charging method of PHEVs and the V2G option does not consider [9].The authors in [10] proposed simulated annealing approach and heuristic technical validation of the obtained solutions to solve the energy resources scheduling. In this paper, charging station with PV system on the roof, bidirectional utility grid for charging and discharging of PHEVs are presented. The grid connection is to satisfy the demand. Excess PV output is sent to the grid during peak hours. An energy management system with PV based ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineerin...

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...pproaches where the controller has complete information of all the EVs. Su and Chow [24] proposed a time-of-use-based algorithm, an estimation of disttibution algorithm (EDA) based charging algorithm =-=[25]-=- and a particle swarm optimisation method [26] for a large number ofEVs at a municipal parking station. The authors in Refs [16,9,7] analysed and modelled the EV charging problem so that the controlle...