Results 1 - 10
of
27
Why Do Westerners Self‐Enhance More than East Asians? European
- Journal of Personality
, 2009
"... Much research finds that Westerners self-enhance more than East Asians, with the exception of studies using the implicit associations test for self-esteem (IATSE). We contrasted Japanese and Canadians on a new measure of self-enhancement under low-and high-attentional load to assess whether cultural ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 11 (4 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Much research finds that Westerners self-enhance more than East Asians, with the exception of studies using the implicit associations test for self-esteem (IATSE). We contrasted Japanese and Canadians on a new measure of self-enhancement under low-and high-attentional load to assess whether cultural differences vary across controlled and automatic processes. Participants also completed measures of relational mobility and the IATSE. Results indicated that Japanese and Asian-Canadians were more self-critical than Euro-Canadians, both under high- and low-attentional load. This cultural difference was partially mediated by relational mobility. The IATSE showed no cultural differences, but this measure did not positively correlate with any of the other measures in the study, suggesting that it is not a valid measure of ‘true ’ self-feelings. Copyright # 2009 John
Sexy but often unreliable: The impact of unreliability on the replicability of experimental findings with implicit measures
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
, 2011
"... Implicit measures have contributed to important insights in almost every area of psychology. However, various issues and challenges remain concerning their use, one of which is their considerable variation in reliability, with many implicit measures having questionable reliability. The goal of the p ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 11 (2 self)
- Add to MetaCart
Implicit measures have contributed to important insights in almost every area of psychology. However, various issues and challenges remain concerning their use, one of which is their considerable variation in reliability, with many implicit measures having questionable reliability. The goal of the present investigation was to examine an overlooked consequence of this liability with respect to replication, when such implicit measures are used as dependent variables in experimental studies. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, the authors demonstrate that a higher level of unreliability in such dependent variables is associated with substantially lower levels of replicability. The results imply that this overlooked consequence can have far-reaching repercussions for the development of a cumulative science. The authors recommend the routine assessment and reporting of the reliability of implicit measures and also urge the improvement of implicit measures with low reliability.
Implicit self-esteem: Nature, measurement, and a new way forward
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2011
"... Gaining insight into the nature and consequences of people’s global self-evaluations (i.e., their self-esteem) has been fraught with difficulty. Nearly 2 decades ago, researchers suggested that such difficulties might be addressed by the development of a new class of measures designed to uncover imp ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 10 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Gaining insight into the nature and consequences of people’s global self-evaluations (i.e., their self-esteem) has been fraught with difficulty. Nearly 2 decades ago, researchers suggested that such difficulties might be addressed by the development of a new class of measures designed to uncover implicit self-esteem. In this article, we evaluate the construct validity of the 2 most common measures of implicit self-esteem, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and Name–Letter Test (NLT). Our review indicates that the research literature has not provided strong or consistent support for the validity of either measure. We conclude that both tests are impoverished measures of self-esteem that are better understood as measures of either generalized implicit affect (IAT) or implicit egotism (NLT). However, we suggest that there surely are aspects of self-esteem that people are unwilling or unable to report and suggest a general approach that may allow researchers to tap these unspoken aspects of self-esteem.
2008b) Cognitive processes in alcohol binges: a review and research agenda
- Curr. Drug Abuse Rev
"... Abstract: Alcohol abuse is associated with a cluster of long-term changes in cognitive processes, as predicted by contemporary models of addiction. In this paper we review evidence which suggests that similar changes may occur during an alcohol binge, and as such they may play an important role in e ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 6 (3 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Abstract: Alcohol abuse is associated with a cluster of long-term changes in cognitive processes, as predicted by contemporary models of addiction. In this paper we review evidence which suggests that similar changes may occur during an alcohol binge, and as such they may play an important role in explaining the loss of control over alcohol consumption that occurs during alcohol binges. As a consequence of both acute alcohol intoxication (alcohol ‘priming ’ effects) and exposure to environmental alcohol-related cues, we suggest that a number of changes in cognitive processes are likely. These include increased subjective craving for alcohol, increased positive and arousing outcome expectancies and implicit associations for alcohol use, increased attentional bias for alcohol-related cues, increased action tendencies to approach alcohol, increased impulsive decision-making, and impaired inhibitory control over drives and behaviour. Potential reciprocal relationships between these different aspects of cognition during an alcohol binge are discussed. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the current model and existing models of cognitive processes in substance abuse, and we speculate on the implications of the model for the reduction binge drinking and its consequences.
Varieties of social cognition
- Journal of the Theory of Social Behavior
, 2008
"... Recent actions. KEYWORDS: implicit social work Influence within cognition, unconsciousness psychology demonstrates is cognition, corroborated that implicit unconscious by strong measures, empirical cognition priming, evidence, plays automaticity, a but central unconscious consciousness role in the s ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 5 (2 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Recent actions. KEYWORDS: implicit social work Influence within cognition, unconsciousness psychology demonstrates is cognition, corroborated that implicit unconscious by strong measures, empirical cognition priming, evidence, plays automaticity, a but central unconscious consciousness role in the states judgments are difficult and actions to verify. of We individuals. discuss procedures We distinguish aimed between at providing two basic conclusive types evidence unconscious of state social unconsciousness, cognition: unconsciousness and apply them of the to influences recent empirical on judgments findings. and actions, and unconscious of the mental states (i.e., attitudes and feelings) that give rise to judgments After reading words related to stereotypes of the elderly, such as “Florida ” and “wrinkle, ” people tend to walk more slowly (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996). Being subliminally exposed to pictures of African American males makes people hostile, and thinking about professors improves their performance at Trivial Pursuit (Bargh et al., 1996; Dijksterhuis & van Knippenberg, 1998). People are more likely to mistakenly judge a male to be famous, and an African American to be a criminal (Banaji & Bhaskar, 2000; Banaji & Greenwald, 1995; Payne, 2001). Based on these and other similarly dramatic findings, we and many other psychologists have come to agree with Bargh and Chartrand (1999), who proposed that: “... most of a person’s everyday life is determined not by their conscious intentions and deliberate choices but by mental processes that are put into motion by features of the environment and that operate outside of conscious awareness
Teacher attitudes toward dyslexia: Effects on teacher expectations and the academic achievement of students with dyslexia
- Journal of Learning Disabilities
, 2010
"... The present study examined teacher attitudes toward dyslexia and the effects of these attitudes on teacher expectations and the academic achievement of students with dyslexia compared to students without learning disabilities. The attitudes of 30 regular education teachers toward dyslexia were deter ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 5 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
The present study examined teacher attitudes toward dyslexia and the effects of these attitudes on teacher expectations and the academic achievement of students with dyslexia compared to students without learning disabilities. The attitudes of 30 regular education teachers toward dyslexia were determined using both an implicit measure and an explicit, self-report measure. Achievement scores for 307 students were also obtained. Implicit teacher attitudes toward dyslexia related to teacher ratings of student achievement on a writing task and also to student achievement on standardized tests of spelling but not math for those students with dyslexia. Self-reported attitudes of the teachers toward dyslexia did not relate to any of the outcome measures. Neither the implicit nor the explicit measures of teacher attitudes related to teacher expectations. The results show implicit attitude measures to be a more valuable predictor of the achievement of students with dyslexia than explicit, self-report attitude measures.
Persuasion, and Stereotyping
"... Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This chapter was originally published in the book Advances in Motivation Science. The copy attached is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the au ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 5 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This chapter was originally published in the book Advances in Motivation Science. The copy attached is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research, and educational use. This includes without limitation use in instruction at your institution, distribution to specific colleagues, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s
WOMEN SELF-STEREOTYPE WITH FEMININE STEREOTYPICAL TRAITS UNDER STEREOTYPE THREAT
, 2008
"... Is self-stereotyping part of the stereotype threat process? The self-concepts of 122 male and female business students were assessed by self-report and the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee & Schwartz, 1998). The participants were either told that their salary negotiating ability woul ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 3 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Is self-stereotyping part of the stereotype threat process? The self-concepts of 122 male and female business students were assessed by self-report and the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee & Schwartz, 1998). The participants were either told that their salary negotiating ability would be assessed (stereotype threat) or not. There were no sex-differences in the non-diagnostic condition but in the stereotype threat condition, the women explicitly selfstereotyped with feminine stereotypical traits. There was also a trend for the women under stereotype threat to implicitly self-stereotype. As the self-concept is considered an important regulator of behavior, the result is discussed in terms of its potential to explain stereotype threat effects.
Attitude accessibility as a moderator of implicit and explicit self-esteem 124 Bertram Gawronski and Galen V. Bodenhausen Author's personal copycorrespondence
- Self and Identity
, 2010
"... A key question in the self-esteem literature involves the conditions under which implicit and explicit self-esteem correspond. The current investigation adds to this literature by using a novel strategy capitalizing on natural variation in self-report response latencies to shed further light on the ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 1 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
A key question in the self-esteem literature involves the conditions under which implicit and explicit self-esteem correspond. The current investigation adds to this literature by using a novel strategy capitalizing on natural variation in self-report response latencies to shed further light on the conditions of implicit and explicit self-esteem consistency. The current study demonstrated that implicit and explicit self-esteem corresponded for highly accessible self-attitudes (as indexed by response latencies to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale items, RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) whereas implicit and explicit self-esteem were virtually unrelated for less accessible self-attitudes. This effect was found using both the Name Letter Task (NLT;
THE IMPLICIT RELATIONAL ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF PRIVATE VERSUS PUBLIC CONTEXTS AND THE RESPONSE LATENCY CRITERION ON PRO-WHITE AND ANTI-BLACK STEREOTYPING AMONG
"... The current research comprised two experiments that employed the Implicit Re-lational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of implicit racial attitudes. White Irish participants were exposed to blocks of trials that involved respond-ing in a manner consistent with either a pro-white stereotype o ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 1 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
The current research comprised two experiments that employed the Implicit Re-lational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) as a measure of implicit racial attitudes. White Irish participants were exposed to blocks of trials that involved respond-ing in a manner consistent with either a pro-white stereotype or a pro-black stereotype. In Experiment 1, participants completed the IRAP in either a public or private assessment situation. It was hypothesized that implicit pro-white ste-reotyping would decrease in the public context relative to the private context. The results, however, were not in accordance with this prediction. A second ex-periment was conducted to determine if requiring participants to respond in a public context but within a shorter timeframe would impact significantly upon implicit stereotyping. The results showed that a reduction in response latency significantly increased ingroup stereotyping. The findings appear to be consis-tent with the relational elaboration and coherence model. Key words: Implicit, racism, adults, assessment context, response latency Numerous studies using the well-known Implicit Association Test, or IAT, have indicated that white participants tend to show a relatively strong pro-white/anti-black bias (see Dasgupta, McGhee, & Greenwald, 2000;
