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Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2006
"... A central theme in recent research on attitudes is the distinction between deliberate, “explicit ” attitudes and automatic, “implicit ” attitudes. The present article provides an integrative review of the available evidence on implicit and explicit attitude change that is guided by a distinction bet ..."
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Cited by 208 (6 self)
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A central theme in recent research on attitudes is the distinction between deliberate, “explicit ” attitudes and automatic, “implicit ” attitudes. The present article provides an integrative review of the available evidence on implicit and explicit attitude change that is guided by a distinction between associative and propositional processes. Whereas associative processes are characterized by mere activation independent of subjective truth or falsity, propositional reasoning is concerned with the validation of evaluations and beliefs. The proposed associative–propositional evaluation (APE) model makes specific assumptions about the mutual interplay of the 2 processes, implying several mechanisms that lead to symmetric or asymmetric changes in implicit and explicit attitudes. The model integrates a broad range of empirical evidence and implies several new predictions for implicit and explicit attitude change.
A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review 109:3–25.
, 2002
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The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice
- Personality & Social Psychology Review
, 2002
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A meta-analysis on the correlation between the Implicit Association Test and explicit selfreport measures.
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
, 2005
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Underlying processes in the implicit Association test (iAt): Dissociating salience from associations.
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,
, 2004
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Stereotyping and Evaluation in Implicit Race Bias: Evidence for Independent Constructs and Unique Effects on Behavior
"... Implicit stereotyping and prejudice often appear as a single process in behavior, yet functional neuroanatomy suggests that they arise from fundamentally distinct substrates associated with semantic versus affective memory systems. On the basis of this research, the authors propose that implicit ste ..."
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Cited by 80 (8 self)
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Implicit stereotyping and prejudice often appear as a single process in behavior, yet functional neuroanatomy suggests that they arise from fundamentally distinct substrates associated with semantic versus affective memory systems. On the basis of this research, the authors propose that implicit stereotyping reflects cognitive processes and should predict instrumental behaviors such as judgments and impression formation, whereas implicit evaluation reflects affective processes and should predict consummatory behaviors, such as interpersonal preferences and social distance. Study 1 showed the independence of participants ’ levels of implicit stereotyping and evaluation. Studies 2 and 3 showed the unique effects of implicit stereotyping and evaluation on self-reported and behavioral responses to African Americans using double-dissociation designs. Implications for construct validity, theory development, and research design are discussed.
Sources of implicit attitudes.
- Current Directions in Psychological Science,
, 2004
"... have a negative evaluation of smoking derived from your childhood experiences. Indeed, the explosion of interest in implicit attitudes rests on the fact that welllearned attitudes are accessed automatically (i.e., without effort or control) in the presence of attitude objects. A third possibility-a ..."
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Cited by 78 (3 self)
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have a negative evaluation of smoking derived from your childhood experiences. Indeed, the explosion of interest in implicit attitudes rests on the fact that welllearned attitudes are accessed automatically (i.e., without effort or control) in the presence of attitude objects. A third possibility-and the hypothesis tested by this research-is that your explicit, self-reported attitude will stem largely from recent experiences (and therefore be positive), whereas your implicit attitude will be influenced by your childhood experiences with smoking (and therefore be negative). If your explicit and implicit attitudes have disparate sources, we would not expect them to covary or even to share the same valence IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTITUDES Operationally, response latency (implicit) measures assume that performing tasks in which responses and attitudes are congruent (i.e., well associated) is easier than performing tasks in which responses and attitudes are incongruent. Because latency judgments do not depend
Easier Done Than Undone: Asymmetry in the Malleability of Implicit Preferences
, 2006
"... Dual-process models imply that automatic attitudes should be less flexible than their self-reported counterparts; the relevant empirical record, however, is mixed. To advance the debate, the authors conducted 4 experiments investigating how readily automatic preferences for one imagined social group ..."
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Cited by 60 (3 self)
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Dual-process models imply that automatic attitudes should be less flexible than their self-reported counterparts; the relevant empirical record, however, is mixed. To advance the debate, the authors conducted 4 experiments investigating how readily automatic preferences for one imagined social group over another could be induced or reversed. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that automatic preferences, like self-reported ones, could be readily induced by both abstract supposition and concrete learning. In contrast, Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that newly formed automatic preferences, unlike self-reported ones, could not be readily reversed by either abstract supposition or concrete learning. Thus, the relative inflexibility of implicit attitudes appears to entail, not immunity to sophisticated cognition, nor resistance to swift formation, but insensitivity to modification once formed.
Attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength
- Social Cognition
, 2007
"... Historical developments regarding the attitude concept are reviewed, and set the stage for consideration of a theoretical perspective that views attitude not as a hypothetical construct, but as evaluative knowledge. A model of attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength is summar ..."
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Cited by 47 (2 self)
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Historical developments regarding the attitude concept are reviewed, and set the stage for consideration of a theoretical perspective that views attitude not as a hypothetical construct, but as evaluative knowledge. A model of attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength is summarized, along with research supporting the model's contention that at least some attitudes are represented in memory and activated automatically upon the individual's encountering the attitude object. The implicationsof the theoretical perspective for a number of recent discussions related to the attitude concept are elaborated. Among these issues are the notion of attitudes as "constructions, " the presumed malleability of automatically activated attitudes, correspondence between implicit and explicit measures of attitude, and postulated dual or multiple attitudes. For nearly 25 years now, a particular view of attitudes has formed the underpinnings of my research program on the consequences of attitudes for attention, categorization, judgment, and behavior. It was in 1982 that my colleagues and I first proposed that attitudes can be viewed as object-evaluation associations in memory (Fazio, Chen, McDonel, & Sherman, 1982). The perspective has proven much more illuminating (and occupied us for much longer) than we had envisioned at the time. It has fostered examination of a wide variety of questions regarding attitudes, and it continues to provide a valuable perspective for considering new issues. In this article, I summarize the theoretical model and some of the research findings that support it, as well as the perspective that the Preparation of this article was supported by Grant MH38832 from the National Institute
What moderates implicit– explicit consistency
- European Review of Social Psychology
, 2005
"... Implicit and explicit indicators of attitudes or personality traits are positively, and variably, related. This review places the question of implicit – explicit consistency into the tradition of attitude/trait – behaviour consistency (e.g., Wicker, 1969). Drawing on dual-process models, such as the ..."
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Cited by 35 (12 self)
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Implicit and explicit indicators of attitudes or personality traits are positively, and variably, related. This review places the question of implicit – explicit consistency into the tradition of attitude/trait – behaviour consistency (e.g., Wicker, 1969). Drawing on dual-process models, such as the recent distinction between associative and propositional representations (Strack & Deutsch, 2004), we identify a working model of implicit – explicit consistency that organises the empirical evidence on implicit – explicit moderation into five factors: translation between implicit and explicit representations (e.g., representational strength, awareness), additional information integration for explicit representations (e.g., need for cognition), properties of explicit assessment (e.g., social desirability concerns), properties of implicit assessment (e.g., situational malleability), and research design factors (e.g., sampling bias, measurement correspondence). A significant proportion of psychological research over the last three decades concerns the automatic nature of information processing (Bargh, 1997; Khilstrom, 1999; Wegner & Bargh, 1998). Theory and empirical data have broadened notions of core psychological concepts like attitudes, stereotypes, self-concept, goals, personality, and self-esteem to include not Correspondence should be addressed to Wilhelm Hofmann, Fachbereich 8- Psychologie
