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327
The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
, 2006
"... Counseling psychologists often work with clients to increase their well-being as well as to decrease their distress. One important aspect of well-being, highlighted particularly in humanistic theories of the counseling process, is perceived meaning in life. However, poor measurement has hampered res ..."
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Cited by 131 (12 self)
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Counseling psychologists often work with clients to increase their well-being as well as to decrease their distress. One important aspect of well-being, highlighted particularly in humanistic theories of the counseling process, is perceived meaning in life. However, poor measurement has hampered research on meaning in life. In 3 studies, evidence is provided for the internal consistency, temporal stability, factor structure, and validity of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), a new 10-item measure of the presence of, and the search for, meaning in life. A multitrait–multimethod matrix demonstrates the convergent and discriminant validity of the MLQ subscales across time and informants, in comparison with 2 other meaning scales. The MLQ offers several improvements over current meaning in life measures, including no item overlap with distress measures, a stable factor structure, better discriminant validity, a briefer format, and the ability to measure the search for meaning.
The evolution of Eriksonian and Neo-Eriksonian identity theory and research: A review and integration
- Identity
, 2001
"... The evolution of the study of identity development is traced from Freud’s early writ-ings to Erikson’s extrapolations and theoretical expositions, Marcia’s empirical oper-ationalization, and finally to 6 alternative theories that have been introduced since 1987 (Berzonsky, Grotevant, Waterman, Kurti ..."
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Cited by 50 (9 self)
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The evolution of the study of identity development is traced from Freud’s early writ-ings to Erikson’s extrapolations and theoretical expositions, Marcia’s empirical oper-ationalization, and finally to 6 alternative theories that have been introduced since 1987 (Berzonsky, Grotevant, Waterman, Kurtines, Adams, and Côté). The issues of measurement and intervention, which have been crucial to the evolution of identity as a researchable construct, are also reviewed. The alternative theories are conceptu-alized as addressing aspects of Erikson’s work that were not addressed by Marcia’s identity status model. To facilitate the broadening of identity theory to include more of Erikson’s ideas, taxonomies for understanding relations among the alternative the-ories, and a system for integrating them, is introduced. Finally, suggestions for the de-velopment of future identity theory and research are off e e d. Questions of identity have become central to many people’s lives, especially as they make the transition from childhood to adulthood. The young person may spend years asking questions such as: Who am I? What are my values and goals? What is my life purpose? What makes me different from other people? Am I real-ly the same person from one year, or decade, to the next? These questions can play a central role in identity development during the adolescent and youth period as well as through adulthood (e.g., Erikson, 1980; Stephen, Fraser, & Marcia, 1992). But, what exactly is identity, and how does it develop during different periods of the life course? To what extent is identity formed as an individual project, to what extent is it a function of interacting in social and cultural contexts, and to what ex-Requests for reprints should be sent to Seth J. Schwartz, Center for Family Studies,
Identity and agency in emerging adulthood: Two developmental routes in the individualization process
- Youth & Society
, 2005
"... The study of emerging adulthood—the prolonged transition to adulthood extending into the 20s—is a rapidly growing area of research. Although identity issues are prom-inent during this period, the role of personal agency and individualization in the iden-tity formation process during these years is n ..."
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Cited by 43 (7 self)
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The study of emerging adulthood—the prolonged transition to adulthood extending into the 20s—is a rapidly growing area of research. Although identity issues are prom-inent during this period, the role of personal agency and individualization in the iden-tity formation process during these years is not well understood. This study examines three psychological aspects of identity formation (style, status, and process) in rela-tion to personal agency associated with the individualization process. Structural equation modeling analyses suggest that higher levels of agency are positively related to exploration and flexible commitment, unrelated to conformity, and negatively re-lated to avoidance. Cluster analysis was used to examine and support a theorized po-larity between developmental and default forms of individualization. Replicated across three U.S. ethnic groups, the results suggest that emerging adults utilize agentic capacities to varying degrees, and that the degree of agency utilized is directly related to the coherence of the emerging adult’s identity.
Objective measure of ego identity status: A reference manual
, 1989
"... instrument is still being widely used in North America, Europe, Australia, and beyond. After twenty years of development, there have been numerous studies focusing on the estimation of the reliability and validity of items. Several modifications and revision of this measure of identity formation, ba ..."
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Cited by 38 (1 self)
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instrument is still being widely used in North America, Europe, Australia, and beyond. After twenty years of development, there have been numerous studies focusing on the estimation of the reliability and validity of items. Several modifications and revision of this measure of identity formation, based on an Eriksonian framework, and our own theoretical notions, and a multitude of studies investigating the ego-identity status paradigm, have contributed to the preparation of a revised reference manual to provide information on the psychometric qualities of this instrument. This manual is developed with the intention of introducing the user to the framework of the test, an overview of its various stages of construction, and a summary of information that has been provided over several years in various publications. The versions of the tests included in this manual reflect our efforts in test construction and provide information of our publications regarding available instrumentation. In certain cases it may be useful to refer to the publications for further elaboration of tabled data. The Objective Measure of Ego-Identity Status is a self-report alternative to a clinical interview methodology. It evolved from research experience with the semi-structured interview to allow for wider applications of the foundation constructs of the Ego-Identity Status Paradigm. This self-report measure can be used for research and clinical or educational assessments of identity formation.
The development of ethnic identity during adolescence
- Developmental Psychology
, 2006
"... The development of ethnic identity is a critical facet of adolescence, particularly for adolescents of color. In order to examine the developmental trajectory of ethnic identity, African American, Latino American, and European American early and middle adolescents (N 420) were assessed over 3 years ..."
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Cited by 37 (0 self)
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The development of ethnic identity is a critical facet of adolescence, particularly for adolescents of color. In order to examine the developmental trajectory of ethnic identity, African American, Latino American, and European American early and middle adolescents (N 420) were assessed over 3 years. Two components of ethnic identity were assessed—group-esteem was found to rise for both early and middle adolescents; exploration rose for middle adolescents. African Americans and Latino Americans were lower in group-esteem but have greater increases than European Americans, particularly across a school transition. The course of ethnic identity development during early and middle adolescence, the role of school context, and the variability in developmental trajectories among racial and ethnic groups are discussed.
Translating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2002
"... Scientific advances in the field of emotions suggest a framework for conceptualizing the emotion-related aspects of prevention programs that aim to enhance children’s socioemotional competence and prevent the emergence of behavior problems and psychopathology. A conception of emotions as inherently ..."
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Cited by 32 (2 self)
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Scientific advances in the field of emotions suggest a framework for conceptualizing the emotion-related aspects of prevention programs that aim to enhance children’s socioemotional competence and prevent the emergence of behavior problems and psychopathology. A conception of emotions as inherently adaptive and motivational and the related empirical evidence from several disciplines and specialities suggest 7 principles for developing preventive interventions: the utilization of positive and negative emotions, emotion modulation as a mediator of emotion utilization, emotion patterns in states and traits, different processes of emotion activation, emotion communication in early life, and the development of connections for the modular and relatively independent emotions and cognitive systems. Each principle’s practical implications and application in current prevention programs are discussed. Almost from its beginning, psychology has consisted of both a science and a profession, and an uneasy relation between the two. William James (1890/1950), who defined the field more than a century ago, had a lab and saw patients, but the relations between his science and practice have remained largely unknown (Taylor, 1999). This uneasy relation between the major aspects of psychol-ogy continued through the 20th century, leaving a wide gulf between the science and practice of psychology (Weisz, Donen-berg, Han, & Weiss, 1995). Experts have noted the dearth of mental health projects that integrate theory, findings from basic research, intervention, and careful evaluation of treatments or
Narrative and the cultural psychology of identity
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
, 2008
"... In 1948, a peaceful people underwent a prolific tragedy with the rupture of their homeland. Having wel-comed with open arms the victims of a terrible tragedy in a distant land to a place where people of multiple faiths lived in social harmony, they shared their land, their food, their customs, only ..."
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Cited by 22 (1 self)
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In 1948, a peaceful people underwent a prolific tragedy with the rupture of their homeland. Having wel-comed with open arms the victims of a terrible tragedy in a distant land to a place where people of multiple faiths lived in social harmony, they shared their land, their food, their customs, only to be assaulted in a violent attack on the principles of a pluralistic society. These newcomers, it seemed, were determined to create a nation all for themselves, unwilling to share political authority over a diverse group of individuals and a unique assem-blage of cultural identities. Resisting foreign attempts to split their homeland in two, this inherently peaceful people did what they could only think to do: They turned to their neighbors, whose cultures shared a similar lan-guage, heritage, and way of life. They, with the help of these neighbors, met the aggressive act of such a political demand with a decidedly aggressive response: the decla-ration of war. For them, there was no other way to pre-serve and protect their homeland, united in its historical importance to three religious faiths. These are the stories of the Israelis and the Palestinians—historical narratives of collective struggle characterized by formidable polarization (Hammack, Author’s Note: This article was completed in part while the author was supported by fellowships from the U.S. Institute of Peace, the Spencer Foundation, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The valu-able comments of three anonymous reviewers and of colleagues on earlier drafts of this article are greatly acknowledged: Bertram J.
Racial and ethnic identity: Developmental perspectives and research
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
, 2007
"... Developmental research is reviewed to evaluate how race, ethnicity, racial identity, and ethnic identity are defined and investigated for minority populations. First reviewed is how these terms are used in developmental and counseling research. Early practices limited these terms to their demographi ..."
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Cited by 20 (0 self)
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Developmental research is reviewed to evaluate how race, ethnicity, racial identity, and ethnic identity are defined and investigated for minority populations. First reviewed is how these terms are used in developmental and counseling research. Early practices limited these terms to their demographic denotations (e.g., heritage), but more recent practices have expanded to include socially constructed connotations. Second, developmental research was used to evaluate key assumptions in theories of racial and ethnic identity development, with an emphasis on recent longitudinal studies. Research supports some, but not all, of these developmental predictions. Longitudinal research supported the progressive nature of ethnic and racial identity development and that exposure to racism appears to stimulate further identity development during adolescence. In contrast, available evidence does not support the claims of a developmental hierarchy for racial ideologies and that identity crises are normative. Adjustment was not predicted by a single racial or ethnic identity ideology, but research suggested that the adolescent’s sociocultural identity and socialization should be tailored to the nature of the racial and ethnic context for development. Implications for counseling research and practice are offered.
Admission of failure and symbolic self - completion: Extending Lewinian theory
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43 , 358
, 1982
"... The present research examined the dynamic relation between two self-relevant actions, one self-supportive and the other self-abasing. These self-relevant actions were undertaken by subjects within the context of particular self-definitions (e.g., journalist, guitarist) to which subjects were activel ..."
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Cited by 18 (8 self)
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The present research examined the dynamic relation between two self-relevant actions, one self-supportive and the other self-abasing. These self-relevant actions were undertaken by subjects within the context of particular self-definitions (e.g., journalist, guitarist) to which subjects were actively committed. In the first ex-periment, subjects were offered an opportunity to compose a supportive self-descriptive essay to be seen later by others. Half of the subjects wrote to com-pletion, while the others were interrupted. Subsequently, in a different context, all subjects were asked to list mistakes they had made previously in the realm of their respective self-definitions. Uninterrupted subjects admitted more readily to mistakes than did interrupted subjects. In the second experiment, the extent of subjects ' self-abasement became the independent variable. Following that manipulation, all subjects were given 15 minutes to write a supportive self-de-scriptive essay. Subjects who had been induced to be self-abasing were the least likely to interrupt themselves while writing the essay. The results of both studies are interpreted within the framework of symbolic self-completion theory (Wick-lund & Gollwitzer, 1981, in press). When a person is unusually modest, self-deprecating, or especially ready to confess to mistakes, it is commonly thought that these negative, public self-commentaries re-flect definite weaknesses in the person's abil-ities or other qualities. For instance, a phy-sician who admits to having administered the wrong antibiotic to a patient is thought to be lacking in various ways central to a phy-sician's status. One might conclude that the training is poor, the overall performance is below average, and that little respect from colleagues is generally accorded. Similarly, in the domains of criminal and religious
Racial discrimination and psychological distress: The impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrant and United States-born Asian adults
- Developmental Psychology
, 2008
"... The association between racial and ethnic discrimination and psychological distress was examined among 2,047 Asians (18 to 75 years of age) in the National Latino and Asian American Study, the first-ever nationally representative study of mental health among Asians living in the United States. ..."
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Cited by 14 (2 self)
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The association between racial and ethnic discrimination and psychological distress was examined among 2,047 Asians (18 to 75 years of age) in the National Latino and Asian American Study, the first-ever nationally representative study of mental health among Asians living in the United States.
