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...ation that the food restriction effect includes at least one component characteristic of the mechanism of action of SkQ1, i.e. antioxidant activity at the mitochondrial level. Fernandes and coauthors =-=[8]-=- found that 40% caloric restriction resulted in a 10-fold increase in the lifespan of C57Bl/6 mice poisoned by the prooxidant paraquat, a cation with delocalized charge, which is targeted to mitochond...

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...xamined how CR impacts the host’s response tosinfection by intact pathogen. One study showed thatsadult CR mice had a higher mortality from polymicrobialssepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture =-=[247]-=-. ThesCR mice had impaired MΦ function, indicated by lowersproduction of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12,slower expression ofstoll like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4smRNA, reduced phagocytic capacity...

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...xamined how CR impacts the host’s response tosinfection by intact pathogen. One study showed thatsadult CR mice had a higher mortality from polymicrobialssepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture =-=[247]-=-. ThesCR mice had impaired MΦ function, indicated by lowersproduction of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12,slower expression ofstoll like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4smRNA, reduced phagocytic capacity...

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..., and carbohydrates in aging animals. We think that the organism perceives food restriction as an alarming signal of impending starvation that could question the very existence of the population. To prevent this, the organism tries to slow (or even cancel) the aging program, which deliberately weakens the individual, so as to increase the pressure of natural selection [22, 23]. (In this context, it is interesting to mention that food restriction has no geroprotective effect on the queen bee, whose aging program is apparently canceled [24].) Food restriction is known to reduce oxidative stress [25, 26, 27, 28]. In the framework of our concept, the increasing lifespan in this case is a result of a purely regulatory effect. For this reason such clearly signal effects as short fasting (or, to the contrary, the smell of food), and not only lifelong restriction or excess of food, deeply affect life cycle parameters. It is no coincidence that temporary food restriction (fasting) is better than constant fasting. A relatively short period of time is sufficient to transmit the signal, while prolonged starvation can exhaust the organism. The signaling nature of the food restriction effect provides a good exp...

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...sponse may be related to body energy reserves [12]. In mammals dietary restriction can be advantageous in relation to autoimmune diseases [13] but is deleterious with respect to defence to infections =-=[14]-=-. In many temperate animals allocation of energy reserves change on a seasonal basis resulting in altered immune status, as seen in deer mice where B cell production is decreased especially during ene...

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...Figures S4E–S4G). We then injected these and control mice with the superoxide generator paraquat, which results in tissue failure that has been shown to be prevented, in part, by calorie restriction (=-=Sun et al., 2001-=-). As expected, we found that 6-month-old mice are more sensitive to paraquat-induced mortality than 1-month-old animals (Figure 4H). Interestingly, when Dicer levels in fat were prematurely Cell Medo...

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...al or increased resistance to some microorganisms, but may be less capable of fighting off others or combating established infections (Dong et al., 1998; Roecker, Kemnitz, Ershler, & Weindruch, 1996; =-=Sun, Muthukumar, Lawrence, & Fernandes, 2001-=-). As noted earlier, little is known about how their immune systems would respond to constant bombardment by pathogens in the natural environment (Lipman, Dallal, & Bronson, 1999; Weindruch et al., 20...