this report, which was commissioned by the World Bank as a background paper to the World Development Report 2003

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Abstract not found

We thank Zmarak Shalizi and Gunther Schramm for very useful comments. We also thank Roula Yazigi for excellent assistance. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. The paper should not be cited without the permission of the This paper develops a simple framework to analyze various pollution control strategies that have been used or are proposed in the urban passenger transport sector. The context is the declining quality of air in urban areas, which is among the serious problems associated with the rapid motorization of societies the world over. 1 The paper examines the point of impact of different policy levers and provides a categorization of

The paper focuses on motorization − the growth in ownership and use of motorized vehicles − and its impact on energy demand and emissions with particular reference to the developing world. It examines the strategy currently pursued in the developed and the developing countries to improve air quality in cities, with particular emphasis on the cities in Asia and South America, where air pollution has reached unbearable levels. The paper also addresses the following questions crucial to development strategies: (1) Does the development pattern of the developed economies, associated with a heavy dependence on the automobile, have to be reproduced? (2) Is the technological fix sufficient? (3) Are there failures of policy in this pattern that can, and should, be avoided? (4) What are the policy implications? The paper emphasizes cost-effective solutions to problems, which are often location specific, and maintains that interventions must be selective, enforceable and affordable. Demand management measures are necessary in the developing countries to complement supply-side technological interventions to improve the air quality in cities. Key words Motorization, energy, emissions, air pollution, cost-effectiveness, policy