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...lt from a direct effect of bacteria or LPS on formation of osteoclastlike cells. For example, the activation of toll-like receptors by LPS could potentially enhance formation of osteoclast-like cells =-=(11)-=-. Activated T lymphocytes have been shown to express OPGL and contribute significantly to the regulation of systemic and local bone loss (14, 15). The results extend these findings to indicate that un...

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...n [13]. TLRs are also expressed on the tumor cell surface, and the incidence of lung cancer in TLR4 mutant mice is 60% more than in normal mice [14]. TRL4 also mediates the destruction of first molar =-=[15]-=- and cranial bones [16]. These data indicate that TLR4 is closely related to the occurrence of tumors and bone destruction. Thus, we speculated that the immune response mediated by the TLR4 signaling ...

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...innate immune system may quite commonly respond to multiple classes of challenge in a mixed infection. For example, TLR4-deficient mice display reduced pathology when challenged with mixed infections =-=[52]-=-. From a signaling perspective, the simplest explanation is that the response to any agonist is limited solely or primarily by the availability of surface receptor, and all the downstream effectors ar...

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...innate immune system may quite commonly respond to multiple classes of challenge in a mixed infection. For example, TLR4-deficient mice display reduced pathology when challenged with mixed infections =-=[52]-=-. From a signaling perspective, the simplest explanation is that the response to any agonist is limited solely or primarily by the availability of surface receptor, and all the downstream effectors ar...

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...HSP60 and HSP70 [44, 45]. As a receptor for LPS, TLR4 has received the most attention in aseptic loosening. There was a significant increase of TLR4 in the tissue around loosened replacement implants =-=[25, 43, 46, 47]-=-. The mutation of TLR4 resulted in inhibited inflammatory response and osteolysis when exposed to wear particles [48]. TLR4−/− mice displayed decreased osteolysis. These findings indicated that TLR4 p...

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...tigators have found that mice deficient in Toll-like receptor-4 have reduced expression of IL-1 and TNF-, and they also have less bone resorption than wild-type animals following anaerobic infection =-=(9)-=-. Although the background strains were identical in the IL-12 and IL-18 experiments (C57BL/6) (Fig. 1), a larger absolute resorptive response was observed in the IL-18 mice. It should be noted that th...