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This is an Open Access-journal’s PDF published in
, 2015
"... The phenotypes of ATG9, ATG16 and ATG9/16 knock-out mutants imply autophagy-dependent and-independent functions. ..."
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The phenotypes of ATG9, ATG16 and ATG9/16 knock-out mutants imply autophagy-dependent and-independent functions.
Article The Critical Role of Membrane Cholesterol in
, 2014
"... Abstract: It was previously observed that plasma membrane cholesterol plays a critical role in the Salmonella-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent (PI3K)-dependent anti-inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The PI3K/Akt pathway is associated with autophagy which has ..."
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Abstract: It was previously observed that plasma membrane cholesterol plays a critical role in the Salmonella-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent (PI3K)-dependent anti-inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The PI3K/Akt pathway is associated with autophagy which has emerged as a critical mechanism of host defense against several intracellular bacterial pathogens. Plasma membrane contributes directly to the formation of early Atg16L1-positive autophagosome precursors. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of plasma membrane cholesterol on the Salmonella-induced autophagy in IECs. By using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD), it was demonstrated that disruption of membrane cholesterol by MBCD enhanced NOD2 and Atg16L1 proteins expression in membrane, and autophagic LC3II proteins expression and LC3 punctae in Salmonella-infected Caco-2 cells, which was counteracted by Atg16L1 siRNA. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) siRNA enhanced the Salmonella-induced activation of Akt in Caco-2 cells. However, inhibitors of Akt or extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) had no significant effect on Salmonella-induced autophagy Beclin 1 or LC3 proteins expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that
Research Article CNTNAP3 Associated ATG16L1 Expression and Crohn’s Disease
"... which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Autophagy is a commonphysiological process in cell homeostasis and regulation. Autophagy-related genemutations and autophagy disorders are important in Crohn’s disease (CD). Th ..."
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which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Autophagy is a commonphysiological process in cell homeostasis and regulation. Autophagy-related genemutations and autophagy disorders are important in Crohn’s disease (CD). The nucleotide oligomerization domain 2–autophagy genes autophagy 16-like 1 (NOD2–ATG16L1) signaling axis disorder contributes to the dysfunction of autophagy. This paper is focused on the relationship between contactin associated protein-like 3 (CNTNAP3) and ATG16L1 expression in Crohn’s disease. The results indicated that the expression of ATG16L1 is higher in some CD patients compared to normal controls. ATG16L1 was well correlated with the C-reactive protein (CRP) in some CD patients. In vitro study revealed that CNTNAP3 could upregulate the expression of ATG16L1 and increase autophagy vacuoles. 1.
MB r
"... ta delicate process termed chaperone-mediated autophagy di-rectly imports individual cytosolic proteins that contain specific recognition motif sequences into the lysosome. At the other end of the spectrum, macroautophagy acts as a bulk process that captures large portions of the cytosol or sequeste ..."
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ta delicate process termed chaperone-mediated autophagy di-rectly imports individual cytosolic proteins that contain specific recognition motif sequences into the lysosome. At the other end of the spectrum, macroautophagy acts as a bulk process that captures large portions of the cytosol or sequesters big organelles such as mitochondria and peroxisomes (Figure 1). The general term ‘‘autophagy’ ’ usually denotes canonical macro-autophagy characterized by its marquee feature, the double-membrane autophagosome. It has also become increasingly evident that autophagy, through its regulators comprised of Atg (Autophagy) and additional factors, interacts in a number of previously unappreciated ways with other pathways and processes in the host cell that do not always easily fit under ‘‘autophagy’ ’ as defined above. In these secondary roles, Atg proteins interact with other systems in the cell to coordinate various cellular functions (including immunological processes) with classical autophagy functions. Of note, it has also been proposed that Atg factors may have yet a third set of functions completely unrelated to autophagy or coordination between autophagy and other systems, referred to as autophagy-inde-pendent functions of Atg genes (Virgin and Levine, 2009). A rapidly developing area of autophagy research is the study of immunological functions of autophagy (Levine and Deretic, is reflected in the complexity of its regulation (Figure 1C), and represents the underpinnings of the role of autophagy in health and disease (Levine and Kroemer, 2008; Mizushima et al., 2008), including aging, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, immunity, infectious diseases, and chronic inflammatory condi-tions such as Crohn’s disease (CD). The multilayered intersections (Figure 1D) between immunity and autophagy (the term autophagy being used here in a broad sense, including all functions of Atg factors) span phenomena ranging from cell-autonomous defenses to functions of the entire immune system and can manifest themselves in adaptive and innate immunity, in regulatory and effector immune functions, and in tolerance versus immune activation and inflammation. At the level of the whole immune system, autophagy contributes to positive and negative selection of the CD4 T cell repertoire
Autophagy in Thymic Epithelium Shapes the T cell Repertoire and is Essential for Tolerance
"... Wien, 2009 2 Table of contents Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………… … 3 Zusammenfassung………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 ..."
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Wien, 2009 2 Table of contents Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………… … 3 Zusammenfassung………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Review Updates from the Intestinal Front Line: Autophagic Weapons against Inflammation and Cancer
, 2012
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Review Article Genetic and Functional Profiling of Crohn’s Disease: Autophagy Mechanism and Susceptibility to Infectious Diseases
"... Copyright © 2013 Annalisa Marcuzzi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Crohn’s disease is a complex disease in whi ..."
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Copyright © 2013 Annalisa Marcuzzi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Crohn’s disease is a complex disease in which genome, microbiome, and environment interact to produce the immunological background of the disease. Disease in childhood is more extensive and characterized by a rapid progression, leading to severe repercussions in the course of the disorder. Several genetic variations have been associated with an increased risk of developing the disease andmost of these are also implicated in other autoimmune disorders.The gut has many tiers of defense against incursion by luminal microbes, including the epithelial barrier and the innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, recent evidence shows that bacterial and viral infections, as well as inflammasome genes and genes involved in the autophagy process, are implicated in Crohn’s disease pathogenesis.The aim of this review is to establish howmuch the diagnostic system can improve, thus increasing the success of Crohn’s disease diagnosis. The major expectation for the near future is to be able to anticipate the possible consequences of the disease already in childhood, thus preventing associated complications, and to choose the best treatment for each patient. 1.
Dictyostelium, autophagy, development,
, 2015
"... ATG9/16 knock-out mutants imply Macroautophagy is a highly conserved intracellular bulk degradation system of all Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is the major lysosomal route for theElectronic supplementary material is available at ..."
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ATG9/16 knock-out mutants imply Macroautophagy is a highly conserved intracellular bulk degradation system of all Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is the major lysosomal route for theElectronic supplementary material is available at
Thesis
, 2013
"... Physiological importance of various NFκB family members in regulating intestinal responses to injury ..."
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Physiological importance of various NFκB family members in regulating intestinal responses to injury
