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315
Electrophysiological evidence for a postperceptual locus of suppression during the attentional blink
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
, 1998
"... When an observer detects a target in a rapid stream of visual stimuli, there is a brief period of time during which the detection of subsequent targets is impaired. In this study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from normal adult observers to determine whether this "attentional bl ..."
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Cited by 147 (15 self)
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When an observer detects a target in a rapid stream of visual stimuli, there is a brief period of time during which the detection of subsequent targets is impaired. In this study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from normal adult observers to determine whether this "attentional blink " reflects a suppression of perceptual processes or an impairment in postperceptual processes. No suppression was observed during the attentional blink interval for ERP components corresponding to sensory processing (the P1 and N1 components) or semantic analysis (the N400 component). However, complete suppression was observed for an ERP component that has been hypothesized to reflect the updating of working memory (the P3 component). Results indicate that the attentional blink reflects an impairment in a postperceptual stage of processing. Over the past several decades, the vast majority of studies of visual attention have examined the operation of attention across space. In the visual search task, for example, a target item must be detected within an array of distractor items that are presented at different locations from the target. In recent
The Spatial Resolution of Visual Attention
- Cognitive Psychology
, 1997
"... Two tasks were used to evaluate the grain of visual attention, the minimum spacing at which attention can select individual items. First, observers performed a tracking task at many viewing distances. Performance dropped to chance levels at small display sizes even though, in all conditions, observe ..."
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Cited by 131 (11 self)
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Two tasks were used to evaluate the grain of visual attention, the minimum spacing at which attention can select individual items. First, observers performed a tracking task at many viewing distances. Performance dropped to chance levels at small display sizes even though, in all conditions, observers could easily resolve the items and their motions. The limiting size for selection was roughly the same whether tracking one or three targets, suggesting that the resolution limit acts independently of the capacity limit of attention. Second, the closest spacing that still allowed individuation of single items in dense, static displays was examined. This critical spacing was about 50% coarser in the radial direction compared to the tangential direction, and was coarser in the upper as opposed to the lower visual field. The results suggest that no more than about 72 items can be arrayed in the central 30 degrees of the visual field while still allowing attentional access to each individuall...
Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
, 2004
"... A load theory of attention in which distractor rejection depends on the level and type of load involved in current processing was tested. A series of experiments demonstrates that whereas high perceptual load reduces distractor interference, working memory load or dual-task coordination load increas ..."
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Cited by 114 (7 self)
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A load theory of attention in which distractor rejection depends on the level and type of load involved in current processing was tested. A series of experiments demonstrates that whereas high perceptual load reduces distractor interference, working memory load or dual-task coordination load increases distractor interference. These findings suggest 2 selective attention mechanisms: a perceptual selection mechanism serving to reduce distractor perception in situations of high perceptual load that exhaust perceptual capacity in processing relevant stimuli and a cognitive control mechanism that reduces interference from perceived distractors as long as cognitive control functions are available to maintain current priorities (low cognitive load). This theory resolves the long-standing early versus late selection debate and clarifies the role of cognitive control in selective attention. Goal-directed behavior requires focusing attention on goal-relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant distractors. However, the mechanisms for such behavioral control by selective attention remain to be elucidated. In this article, we present a load theory of attention that proposes two mechanisms of selective attention. The first is a perceptual selection mechanism that allows for excluding
Visual Attention
- In B. Goldstein (Ed.), Blackwell Handbook of Perception
, 2001
"... Spatial attention: Visual selection and deployment over space The attentional spotlight and spatial cueing Attentional shifts, splits, and resolution Object-based Selection The visual search paradigm Top-down and bottom-up control of attention Inhibitory mechanisms of attention Invalid cueing Negati ..."
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Cited by 96 (4 self)
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Spatial attention: Visual selection and deployment over space The attentional spotlight and spatial cueing Attentional shifts, splits, and resolution Object-based Selection The visual search paradigm Top-down and bottom-up control of attention Inhibitory mechanisms of attention Invalid cueing Negative priming Inhibition of return Temporal attention: Visual selection and deployment over time Single target search Attentional blink and attentional dwell time Repetition blindness NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SELECTION Single-cell physiological method Event-related potentials Functional imaging: PET and fMRI
A selective review of selective attention research from the past century
- British Journal of Psychology
, 2001
"... Research on attention is concerned with selective processing of incoming sensory information.To some extent, our awareness of the world depends on what we choose to attend, not merely on the stimulation entering our senses. British psychologists have made substantial contributions to this topic in t ..."
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Cited by 82 (2 self)
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Research on attention is concerned with selective processing of incoming sensory information.To some extent, our awareness of the world depends on what we choose to attend, not merely on the stimulation entering our senses. British psychologists have made substantial contributions to this topic in the past century. Celebrated examples include Donald Broadbent’s lter theory of attention, which set the agenda for most subsequent work; and Anne Treisman’s revisions of this account, and her later feature-integration theory. More recent contributions include Alan Allport’s prescient emphasis on the relevance of neuroscience data, and John Duncan’s integration of such data with psychological theory. An idiosyncratic but roughly chronological review of developments is presented, some practical and clinical implications are briey sketched, and future directions suggested. One of the biggest changes in the eld has been the increasing interplay between psychology and neuroscience, which promises much for the future. A related change has been the realization that selection attention is best thought of as a broad topic, encompassing a range of selective issues, rather than as a single explanatory process.
Neuroimaging studies of attention: from modulation of sensory processing to top-down control
- J Neurosci
, 2003
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The visual N1 component as an index of a discrimination process
- Psychophysiology
, 2000
"... Many previous studies have demonstrated that the visual N1 component is larger for attended-location stimuli than for unattended-location stimuli. This difference is observed typically only for tasks involving a discrimination of the attended-location stimuli, suggesting that the N1 wave reflects a ..."
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Cited by 75 (1 self)
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Many previous studies have demonstrated that the visual N1 component is larger for attended-location stimuli than for unattended-location stimuli. This difference is observed typically only for tasks involving a discrimination of the attended-location stimuli, suggesting that the N1 wave reflects a discrimination process that is applied to the attended location. The present study tested this hypothesis by examining the N1 component elicited by attended stimuli under conditions that either required or did not require the subject to perform a discrimination. Specifically, the N1 elicited by foveal stimuli during choice-reaction time ~RT! tasks was compared with the N1 elicited by identical stimuli during simple-RT tasks. In three experiments, a larger posterior N1 was observed in choice-RT tasks than in simple-RT tasks, even when several potential confounds were eliminated ~e.g., arousal and motor preparation!. This N1 discrimination effect was observed even when no motor response was required and was present for both color- and form-based discriminations. Moreover, this discrimination effect was equally large for easy and difficult discriminations, arguing against a simple resource-based explanation of the present results. Instead, the results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the visual N1 component reflects the operation of a discrimination process within the focus of attention. Descriptors: Selective attention, Visual discrimination, Event-related potential, N1 Many studies of visual-spatial selective attention have found that attended-location stimuli elicit larger P1 and N1 components of the event-related potential ~ERP! than unattended-location stimuli ~for a review, see Magun, 1995!. These amplitude modulations, which are termed the P1 and N1 attention effects, were originally interpreted as evidence that attention operates as a sensory gain control, with a single early change in gain being propagated to each subsequent
Object-based Visual Attention for Computer Vision
"... In this paper, a novel model of object-based visual attention extending Duncan's Integrated Competition Hypothesis [24] is presented. In contrast to the attention mechanisms used in most previous machine vision systems which drive attention based on the spatial location hypothesis, the mechanis ..."
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Cited by 67 (2 self)
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In this paper, a novel model of object-based visual attention extending Duncan's Integrated Competition Hypothesis [24] is presented. In contrast to the attention mechanisms used in most previous machine vision systems which drive attention based on the spatial location hypothesis, the mechanisms which direct visual attention in our system are object-driven as well as feature-driven. The competition to gain visual attention occurs not only within an object but also between objects. For this purpose, two new mechanisms in the proposed model are described and analyzed in detail. The first mechanism computes the visual salience of objects and groupings; the second one implements the hierarchical selectivity of attentional shifts. The results of the new approach on synthetic and natural images are reported.
What you see is what you set: sustained inattentional blindness and the capture of awareness
- PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
, 2005
"... This article reports a theoretical and experimental attempt to relate and contrast 2 traditionally separate research programs: inattentional blindness and attention capture. Inattentional blindness refers to failures to notice unexpected objects and events when attention is otherwise engaged. Attent ..."
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Cited by 64 (11 self)
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This article reports a theoretical and experimental attempt to relate and contrast 2 traditionally separate research programs: inattentional blindness and attention capture. Inattentional blindness refers to failures to notice unexpected objects and events when attention is otherwise engaged. Attention capture research has traditionally used implicit indices (e.g., response times) to investigate automatic shifts of attention. Because attention capture usually measures performance whereas inattentional blindness measures awareness, the 2 fields have existed side by side with no shared theoretical framework. Here, the authors propose a theoretical unification, adapting several important effects from the attention capture literature to the context of sustained inattentional blindness. Although some stimulus properties can influence noticing of unexpected objects, the most influential factor affecting noticing is a person’s own attentional goals. The authors conclude that many—but not all—aspects of attention capture apply to inattentional blindness but that these 2 classes of phenomena remain importantly distinct.
