Although the modulation of Ca2+ channel activity by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) has been studied previously, few reports have addressed the effects of such fields on the activity of voltage-activated Na+ channels (Nav). Here, we investigated the effects of ELF-EMF on Nav activity in rat cerebellar granule cells (GCs). Our results reveal that exposing cerebellar GCs to ELF-EMF for 10–60 min significantly increased Nav currents (INa) by 30–125 % in a time- and intensity-dependent manner. The Nav channel steady-state activation curve, but not the steady-state inactivation curve, was significantly shifted (by 5.2 mV) towards hyperpolarization by ELF-EMF stimulation. This phenomenon is similar to the effect of intracellular application of arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on INa in cerebellar GCs. Increases in intracellular AA, PGE2 and phosphorylated PKA levels in cerebellar GCs were observed following ELF-EMF exposure. Western blottings indicated that the NaV 1.2 protein on the cerebellar GCs membrane was increased, the total expression levels of NaV 1.2 protein were not affected after exposure to ELF-EMF. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and PGE2 receptor (EP) antagonists were able to eliminate this ELF-EMF-induced increase in phosphorylated PKA and INa. In addition, ELF-EMF exposure significantly enhanced the activity of PLA2 in cerebellar GCs but did not affect COX-1 or COX-2 activity. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time that neuronal INa is significantly increased by ELF-EMF exposure via a cPLA2 AA PGE2 EP

detailed reasoning and evidence supporting the need for corrections in the Final Report. In January of 2015, SCENIHR (Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks) issued a Final Opinion titled Potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF), 27 January 2015. It ignores or dismisses the majority of comments provided. No substantive changes have been made by SCENIHR. The Final Opinion suffers from most of the same errors, omissions and wrong standard of evidence for determining whether and when a ‘potential health effect ’ has been clearly established. The Final Opinion (like the Preliminary Opinion) uses the wrong test by requiring absolute proof and mechanistic evidence of potential EMF effects. The charge to the Committee is explicit. It implies a precautionary assessment, not a proven risk. SCENIHR Committee’s name establishes that its purpose is to investigate emerging and newly identified health risks, not only those that are conclusively proven. Further, the title of the Opinion is Potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) clearly indicating it has reviewed the scientific literature to judge whether the potential exists. However, it fails to do this. The issue is whether potential health effects have been identified and supported by some

Abstract: Epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality associated with increasing exposure to air pollution. Ambient particulate matter consists of primary particles emitted directly from diesel engine vehicles and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) are formed by oxidative reaction of the ultrafine particle components of diesel exhaust (DE) in the atmosphere. However, little is known about the relationship between exposure to SOA and central nervous system functions. Recently, we have reported that an acute single intranasal instillation of SOA may induce inflammatory response in lung, but not in brain of adult mice. To clarify the whole body exposure effects of SOA on central nervous system functions, we first created inhalation