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201
A Reliable Multicast Framework for Light-weight Sessions and Application Level Framing
, 1995
"... This paper... reliable multicast framework for application level framing and light-weight sessions. The algorithms of this framework are efficient, robust, and scale well to both very large networks and very large sessions. The framework has been prototype in wb, a distributed whiteboard application ..."
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Cited by 1096 (45 self)
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This paper... reliable multicast framework for application level framing and light-weight sessions. The algorithms of this framework are efficient, robust, and scale well to both very large networks and very large sessions. The framework has been prototype in wb, a distributed whiteboard application, and has been extensively tested on a global scale with sessions ranging from a few to more than 1000 participants. The paper describes the principles that have guided our design, including the 1P multicast group delivery model, an end-to-end, receiver-based model of reliability, and the application level framing protocol model. As with unicast communications, the performance of a reliable multicast delivery algorithm depends on the underlying topology and operational environment. We investigate that dependence via analysis and simulation, and demonstrate an adaptive algorithm that uses the results of previous loss recovery events to adapt the control parameters used for future loss recovery. Whh the adaptive algorithm, our reliable multicast delivery algorithm provides good performance over a wide range of underlying topologies.
Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (RMTP)
"... This paper presents the design, implementation and performance of a reliable multicast transport protocol called RMTP. RMTP is based on a hierarchical structure in which receivers are grouped into local regions or domains and in each domain there is a special receiver called a Designated Receiver (D ..."
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Cited by 655 (10 self)
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This paper presents the design, implementation and performance of a reliable multicast transport protocol called RMTP. RMTP is based on a hierarchical structure in which receivers are grouped into local regions or domains and in each domain there is a special receiver called a Designated Receiver (DR) which is responsible for sending acknowledgments periodically to the sender, for processing acknowledgements from receivers in its domain and for retransmitting lost packets to the corresponding receivers. Since lost packets are recovered by local retransmissions as opposed to retransmissions from the original sender, end-to-end latency is significantly reduced, and the overall throughput is improved as well. Also, since only the DRs send their acknowledgments to the sender, instead of all receivers sending their acknowledgments to the sender, a single acknowledgement is generated per local region, and this prevents acknowledgement implosion. Receivers in RMTP send their acknowledgments to the DRs periodically, thereby simplifying error recovery. In addition, lost packets are recovered by selective repeat retransmissions, leading to improved throughput at the cost of minimal additional buffering at the receivers. This paper also describes the implementation of RMTP and its performance on the Internet.
Group Communication Specifications: A Comprehensive Study
- ACM Computing Surveys
, 1999
"... View-oriented group communication is an important and widely used building block for many distributed applications. Much current research has been dedicated to specifying the semantics and services of view-oriented Group Communication Systems (GCSs). However, the guarantees of different GCSs are for ..."
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Cited by 369 (14 self)
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View-oriented group communication is an important and widely used building block for many distributed applications. Much current research has been dedicated to specifying the semantics and services of view-oriented Group Communication Systems (GCSs). However, the guarantees of different GCSs are formulated using varying terminologies and modeling techniques, and the specifications vary in their rigor. This makes it difficult to analyze and compare the different systems. This paper provides a comprehensive set of clear and rigorous specifications, which may be combined to represent the guarantees of most existing GCSs. In the light of these specifications, over thirty published GCS specifications are surveyed. Thus, the specifications serve as a unifying framework for the classification, analysis and comparison of group communication systems. The survey also discusses over a dozen different applications of group communication systems, shedding light on the usefulness of the p...
Npsnet: A network software architecture for large scale virtual environments
- Presence
, 1994
"... This paper explores the issues involved in designing and developing network software architectures for large scale virtual environments. We present our ideas in the context of NPSNET-IV, the first 3D virtual environment that incorporates both the IEEE 1278 Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) ap ..."
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Cited by 256 (10 self)
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This paper explores the issues involved in designing and developing network software architectures for large scale virtual environments. We present our ideas in the context of NPSNET-IV, the first 3D virtual environment that incorporates both the IEEE 1278 Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) application protocol and the IP Multicast network protocol for multi-player simulation over the Internet.
Total order broadcast and multicast algorithms: Taxonomy and survey
- ACM COMPUTING SURVEYS
, 2004
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The Spread Wide Area Group Communication System
"... Building a wide area group communication system is a challenge. This paper presents the design and protocols of the Spread wide area group communication system. Spread integrates two low-level protocols: one for local area networks called Ring, and one for the wide area network connecting them, call ..."
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Cited by 122 (22 self)
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Building a wide area group communication system is a challenge. This paper presents the design and protocols of the Spread wide area group communication system. Spread integrates two low-level protocols: one for local area networks called Ring, and one for the wide area network connecting them, called Hop. Spread decouples the dissemination and local reliability mechanisms from the global ordering and stability protocols. This allows many optimizations useful for wide area network settings. Spread is operational and publicly available on the Web. 1. Introduction There exist some fundamental difficulties with high-performance group communication over wide-area networks. These difficulties include: . The characteristics (loss rates, amount of buffering) and performance (latency, bandwidth) vary widely in different parts of the network. . The packet loss rates and latencies are significantly higher and more variable then on LANs. . It is not as easy to implement efficient reliability...
Specifying and Using a Partitionable Group Communication Service
- ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER SYSTEMS
, 1997
"... Group communication services are becoming accepted as effective building blocks for the construction of fault-tolerant distributed applications. Many specifications for group communication services have been proposed. However, there is still no agreement about what these specifications should say ..."
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Cited by 113 (21 self)
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Group communication services are becoming accepted as effective building blocks for the construction of fault-tolerant distributed applications. Many specifications for group communication services have been proposed. However, there is still no agreement about what these specifications should say, especially in cases where the services are partitionable, that is, where communication failures may lead to simultaneous creation of groups with disjoint memberships, such that each group is unaware of the existence of any other group. In this paper
A Taxonomy for Networked Virtual Environments
, 1997
"... The development of multi-user networked virtual worlds has become a major area of interest in the computer and communications fields. However, there has been little effort to provide a coherent framework for understanding distributed virtual environments (VEs). In this paper we discuss VEs in the co ..."
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Cited by 104 (2 self)
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The development of multi-user networked virtual worlds has become a major area of interest in the computer and communications fields. However, there has been little effort to provide a coherent framework for understanding distributed virtual environments (VEs). In this paper we discuss VEs in the context of how communications, views, data, and processes are distributed while emphasizing those aspects critical to scaling environments. We find most of the systems described in this paper scale to accommodate a handful of users. We also discuss why systems which demand strong data consistency, causality, and reliable communications at the same time while supporting real-time interaction are not likely to scale very well. Furthermore, if the systems are to be geographically dispersed, then highspeed, multicast communication is required. . KEYWORDS: Virtual Reality, Distributed Interactive Simulation, Internet Protocol Multicast, Distributed Interactive Entertainment, Large-scale Virtual E...
A Low Latency, Loss Tolerant Architecture and Protocol for Wide Area Group Communication
- In Proceedings of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
, 2000
"... Group communication systems are proven tools upon which to build fault-tolerant systems. As the demands for fault-tolerance increase and more applications require reliable distributed computing over wide area networks, wide area group communication systems are becoming very useful. However, building ..."
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Cited by 98 (14 self)
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Group communication systems are proven tools upon which to build fault-tolerant systems. As the demands for fault-tolerance increase and more applications require reliable distributed computing over wide area networks, wide area group communication systems are becoming very useful. However, building a wide area group communication system is a challenge. This paper presents the design of the transport protocols of the Spread wide area group communication system. We focus on two aspects of the system. First, the value of using overlay networks for application level group communication services. Second, the requirements and design of effective low latency link protocols used to construct wide area group communication. We support our claims with the results of live experiments conducted over the Internet. Keywords---Group Communication, Overlay Networks, Reliable Multicast, Wide Area Networks, TCP/IP. 1 Introduction There exist some fundamental difficulties with highperformance group co...
MTCP: Scalable TCP-like Congestion Control for Reliable Multicast
, 1998
"... We present MTCP, a congestion control scheme for large-scale reliable multicast. Congestion control for reliable multicast is important, because of its wide applications in multimedia and collaborative computing, yet nontrivial, because of the potentially large number of receivers involved. Many sch ..."
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Cited by 84 (1 self)
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We present MTCP, a congestion control scheme for large-scale reliable multicast. Congestion control for reliable multicast is important, because of its wide applications in multimedia and collaborative computing, yet nontrivial, because of the potentially large number of receivers involved. Many schemes have been proposed to handle the recovery of lost packets in a scalable manner, but there is little work on the design and implementation of congestion control schemes for reliable multicast. We propose new techniques that can effectively handle instances of congestion occurring simultaneously at various parts of a multicast tree. Our protocol incorporates several novel features: (1) hierarchical congestion status reports that distribute the load of processing feedback from all receivers across the multicast group, (2) the relative time delay (RTD) concept which overcomes the difficulty of estimating round-trip times in tree-based multicast environments, (3) window-based control that pr...
