Abstract — One of the major challenges in the emerging interdisciplinary field of human-computer interaction (HCI) is the specification of a research line that can enable the development of validated design knowledge with a predictive power for the design of interactive systems. Based on the three different elements in the design of interactive systems: (1) human being(s), (2) technical artefact(s), and (3) context of use, different academic disciplines contribute with different research paradigms to this new field: social sciences with a strong empirical and experimental approach, industrial and interaction design with a strong emphasis on artistic design, and engineering disciplines with a strong technical and formal approach. This programmatic paper presents, discusses and recommends a possible way to integrate the strengths of different research and design paradigms based on triangulation, and we argue for HCI as an engineering discipline. Index Terms — human computer interaction, design

This chapter describes a framework for cognitive task design that focuses on social and communication issues. It is intended to complement the more traditional task oriented views. The chapter starts by describing a process model for cognitive task design then introduces cognitive and social pathologies: heuristics for analysing potential causes of failure in sociotechnical systems. This is followed by an introduction to generic tasks as reusable models for specifying human action, to which requirements for computer system task support can be attached, as well as the pathologies to warn the designer about potential failure points. A general model of discourse is described which is also associated with pathologies and generic requirements to guide the designer towards reusable knowledge at appropriate stages in the communication process. The discourse model is supplemented with patterns for specific types of communication such as Command and Control, proposals and liaison, etc. The next section proposes models for analysing power and trust in human-human and interorganisational relationships. Once again models are associated with pathologies and countermeasures. Use of the models is illustrated by analysis of Command and Control tasks in the combat sub-system of a Navy frigate. A scenario-based approach is taken to walk through the models using operation scenarios of a missile attack. The design implications for cognitive task support and communication are assessed, then two alternative designs for intelligent computerised radar and standard radar are compared using the generic models for analysing communication, perceptions of power and trust. The chapter concludes by reviewing the lessons learned for functional allocation, and future work in providing more effective decision support for operators in socio-technical systems.

Storyboards and claims are two distinct artifacts used for system design in HCI. In this paper, we propose that these artifacts provide greater design value if they are used in combination. We first investigate the relative strengths and weaknesses of storyboards and claims in supporting design. Then, we present an exploratory study conducted to assess the potential value of combining these two techniques, suggesting that combining the techniques leads to a richer, more grounded, and more creative design solution. Finally, we speculate on ways that tools should support the iterative creation of design ideas, the sharing of representations that can be easily understood and modified, and collaborative negotiation and discussion during design. Author Keywords Storyboard, claim, collaboration, design

Decades of innovation in designing usable (and unusable) interfaces have resulted in a plethora of guidelines, usability engineering methods, and other design tools. However, novice developers often have difficulty selecting and utilizing theorybased design tools in a coherent design process. This work presents the first extensive usage evaluation of an integrated design environment and knowledge management system for student developers, LINK-UP. The key to this effort is the central design record (CDR), a design representation meant to prevent breakdowns occurring between design and evaluation phases—both within the development team and during design knowledge reuse processes. The CDR is intended to make designs coherent and understandable, thus supporting a principled, guided development process critical for student developers. Three case studies from the classroom illustrating novice designers ’ use of LINK-UP are presented. A design knowledge IDE incorporating a CDR can help novice developers craft interfaces in a methodical fashion, while applying, verifying, and producing reusable design knowledge. Keywords: Usability engineering, design tools, knowledge management, central design record, LINK-UP 1.

Abstract: This paper introduces a social psychological theory – Small Groups as Complex Systems – as a contribution to the design of CSCW and CMC systems. Small Group Theory is composed of local dynamics which model the internal view of a group; global dynamics that represent whole group emergent properties; and contextual dynamics that model the influences of the group’s environment on its composition, coherence and behaviour. The potential contribution of Small Group Theory to the design of CSCW systems is investigated by model-based analysis of group members, supporting technology, and design principles motivated by the theory.

This paper outlines an approach of using engineeringoriented design theories to build bridges between software engineering and human–computer interaction. The main thrust of the approach is to try to use design theories to create “boundary objects”, which are intellectual tools that are shared by both disciplines and enable cooperation. The approach is illustrated and supported by relating it to ongoing domain-bridging work which is exploring the application of cognitive support theories to SE research problems. 1.

Designing usable interfaces for virtual environments (VEs) is not a trivial task. Much of the difficulty stems from the complexity and volume of the input data. Many VEs, in the creation of their interfaces, ignore much of the input data as a result of this. Using machine learning (ML), we introduce the notion of a nuance that can be used to increase the precision and power of a VE interface. An experiment verifying the existence of nuances using a neural network (NN) is discussed and a listing of guidelines to follow is given. We also review reasons why traditional ML techniques are difficult to apply to this problem. 1

In this paper we give an overview of existing approaches for capturing HCD(Human-Centred Design) process and design knowledge. We present an alternative approach that aims at fostering the integration of UE (Usability Engineering) activities and artifacts into existing software development processes. The approach is based on six claims that are derived from an analysis of existing UE process models and requirements of software developers. Our approach is embeddable in existing process improvement frameworks such as the UMM (Usability Maturity Model) and is supported by a web-based tool. An explorative study that we have conducted with software developers from various software development organizations confirms the potential of our approach. However the study indicates that our approach is more strongly preferred by developers with experience in user interface design.

The resourcespur model (RSM) is a model for organizing versatile resources in normal forms andpd6B'KBE uniform resource management opagement6 InapBGB:6wB#BB we find threeimpe6xBE factors that influence the e#ectiveness of organizing andop6k#kG: resources:natur.

This paper outlines an approach of using engineeringoriented design theories to build bridges between software engineering and human--computer interaction. The main thrust of the approach is to try to use design theories to create "boundary objects", which are intellectual tools that are shared by both disciplines and enable cooperation. The approach is illustrated and supported by relating it to ongoing domain-bridging work which is exploring the application of cognitive support theories to SE research problems. 1.